ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Randomised, controlled walking trials in postmenopausal women: the minimum dose to improve aerobic fitness?

T-M Asikainen, S Miilunpalo, P Oja, M Rinne, M Pasanen, K Uusi-Rasi and I Vuori

Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr Asikainen, The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, PO Box 30, FIN-33501, Tampere, Finland;
tm.asikainen{at}sci.fi

Background: The American College of Sports Medicine recommends 20–60 minutes of aerobic exercise three to five days a week at an intensity of 40/50–85% of maximal aerobic power (VO₂MAX) reserve, expending a total of 700–2000 kcal (2.93–8.36 MJ) a week to improve aerobic power and body composition.

Objective: To ascertain the minimum effective dose of exercise.

Methods: Voluntary, healthy, non-obese, sedentary, postmenopausal women (n = 121), 48–63 years of age, were randomised to four low dose walking groups or a control group; 116 subjects completed the study. The exercise groups walked five days a week for 24 weeks with the following intensity (% of VO₂MAX) and energy expenditure (kcal/week): group W1, 55%/1500 kcal; group W2, 45%/1500 kcal; group W3, 55%/1000 kcal; group W4, 45%/1000 kcal. VO₂MAX was measured in a direct maximal treadmill test. Submaximal aerobic fitness was estimated as heart rates at submaximal work levels corresponding to 65% and 75% of the baseline VO₂MAX. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated and percentage of body fat (F%) estimated from skinfolds.

Results: The net change (the differences between changes in each exercise group and the control group) in VO₂MAX was 2.9 ml/min/kg (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 4.2) in group W1, 2.6 ml/min/kg (95% CI 1.3 to 4.0) in group W2, 2.4 ml/min/kg (95% CI 0.9 to 3.8) in group W3, and 2.2 ml/min/kg (95% CI 0.8 to 3.5) in group W4. The heart rates in standard submaximal work decreased 4 to 8 beats/min in all the groups. There was no change in BMI, but the F% decreased by about 1% unit in all the groups.

Conclusions: Walking (for 24 weeks) at moderate intensity 45% to 55% of VO₂MAX, with a total weekly energy expenditure of 1000–1500 kcal, improves VO₂MAX and body composition of previously sedentary, non-obese, postmenopausal women. This dose of exercise apparently approaches the minimum effective dose.

Keywords: walking; dose-response; postmenopausal women; randomised controlled trial; aerobic fitness

Abbreviations: VO₂MAX, Maximal aerobic power; BMI, body mass index; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; F%, percentage of body fat

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