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Br J Sports Med 43:1041-1044 doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.058669
  • Original article

Detection of testosterone administration based on the carbon isotope ratio profiling of endogenous steroids: international reference populations of professional soccer players

Table 1

99% Confidence intervals (CIs) of the Δδ13C values for each surveyed country calculated by the addition of the mean value and threefold SD

99% CI
Δ(16EN-Etio) Δ(16EN-A) Δ(PD-Etio) Δ(PD-A)
Uganda (n = 28) 2.8 2.3 3.0 2.3
South Africa (n = 30) 2.5 2.3 3.2 2.4
Switzerland (n = 31) 3.4 1.2 3.2 1.4
Italy (n = 19) 2.9 2.6 3.2 1.8
Argentina (n = 31) 2.6 1.9 2.7 1.7
Japan (n = 32) 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.3
  • All values are in δ13CVPDB (‰).

  • 16EN, 16(5α)-androstenol; A, androsterone; Etio, etiocholanolone; PD, 5β-pregnanediol.

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