15 years of tracking physiotherapy evidence on PEDro, where are we now?
=========================================================================

* Steven J Kamper
* Anne M Moseley
* Robert D Herbert
* Christopher G Maher
* Mark R Elkins
* Catherine Sherrington

*   Effectiveness
*   Evidence-based
*   Methodological
*   Research
*   Knowledge translation

## Background

Healthcare systems across the globe have begun the transition to evidence-based practice. The degree to which the transition has occurred can be debated but, it is underpinned by a large and rapidly growing volume of research. However, this research is only useful if it is reliable, comprehensive and accessible.

The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro; [http://www.pedro.org.au](http://www.pedro.org.au)) recently celebrated 15 years of existence. PEDro is a free resource that indexes published randomised controlled trials (RCT), systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines relevant to physiotherapy. The first physiotherapy RCT was published in 1929 and the first physiotherapy systematic review in 1982. Since then there has been exponential growth in the number of published RCTs and systematic reviews relevant to physiotherapy (figure 1). This editorial reflects on what PEDro tells us about the evidence base for physiotherapy and sports physiotherapy in particular.

![Figure 1](http://bjsm.bmj.com/https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/49/14/907/F1.medium.gif)

[Figure 1](http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/49/14/907/F1)

Figure 1 
Growth in the number of published randomised controlled trials (RCTs), reviews and guidelines indexed on PEDro.

## Growth in RCTs, reviews and guidelines

As of October 2014, PEDro indexes 23 049 RCTs, 5039 systematic reviews and 512 clinical practice guidelines. The largest number of studies are in the musculoskeletal subdiscipline (7676), followed by cardiothoracics (5334) and gerontology (4105). This volume of studies and the ongoing increase in rate of publication points to a substantial commitment to physiotherapy research.

There are 1325 sports physiotherapy studies (1098 RCTs, 222 systematic reviews and 5 practice guidelines); this is the second lowest of the 10 subdisciplines. The low number of studies is surprising given the high profile of sports physiotherapy. The rate of publications in the sports physiotherapy field is lower than in other subdisciplines.

## Access and searches on PEDro

PEDro searches reflect engagement with the evidence by clinicians and researchers. In October 2014, 193 662 searches were conducted on PEDro, roughly one search every 14 s. PEDro has users from 215 countries and territories across the globe and indexes RCTs published in 29 languages. The webpages are translated into 10 languages.

PEDro has two interfaces for searching: Simple Search and Advanced Search. The Advanced Search interface allows the user to select predetermined search terms within specific fields (such as ‘Body Part’, ‘Problem’, and type of ‘Therapy’) and/or to enter free-text search terms within specific fields (such as ‘Author/Association’, ‘Abstract and Title’, ‘Published since’ year, and ‘Subdiscipline’). Where the ‘Subdiscipline’ field is used in PEDro searches, about 1.6% of searches specify the ‘Sports’ subdiscipline.

## Implications for practice

As part of the 15th anniversary of PEDro, users were asked to nominate the most influential physiotherapy RCTs. The nominations were judged by an international panel of experts to create a list of the top 15 physiotherapy RCTs based on strength of design and influence on clinical practice. The list included RCTs published in top-ranking general medical journals. Three RCTs directly relevant to sports physiotherapy were among the top 15 RCTs: a trial of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for plantar fasciitis,1 a trial of exercise and manual therapy versus ‘wait-and-see’ and steroid injections for tennis elbow,2 and a trial of exercises to prevent lower limb injuries in youth sports.3 These three RCTs showcase two of the important functions of clinical research; the first demonstrated that a commonly used treatment for a prevalent problem was ineffective and the second and third evaluated interventions that are likely to have important beneficial clinical effects if implemented in the relevant population.

Consistent findings from well-conducted systematic reviews have clear implications for clinical practice. The best supported interventions in the physiotherapy field involve exercise. Strong evidence suggests that exercise interventions have important benefits for people with urinary incontinence,4 ,5 knee osteoarthritis,6 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,7 older people at risk of falls,8 ,9 and preterm babies.10 

## The PEDro scale

A key feature of PEDro is the use of the PEDro scale to rate the methodological quality of RCTs. This scale helps readers quickly judge whether the trial results can be trusted and meaningfully interpreted. The PEDro scale includes 10 items that relate to internal validity and interpretability. The scale items are reported individually as well as summed to provide an overall indication of RCT quality.11 All RCTs are rated independently by two trained raters and any disagreements between the two are arbitrated by a third rater. The reliability and validity of the PEDro scale has been extensively demonstrated.12 

The mean methodological quality score of all indexed RCT reports is 5.4 points on the 0–10 PEDro scale.13 PEDro scores have been improving by a mean of about 0.6 points per decade since 1960.13 The individual PEDro scale items that are most commonly achieved are *randomisation* (96%), *between-group statistical comparisons* (93%) and *mean and variability statistics for the group outcomes* (89%), while the least commonly achieved items were *blinding of patients* (7%), *blinding of therapists* (2%), *intention-to-treat analysis* (24%) and *concealed allocation* (24%). While blinding is difficult for many physiotherapy interventions, the other poorly-satisfied items could be targeted for improvement. In particular, intention-to-treat analysis and concealed allocation eliminate important sources of bias in the results of a RCT.14 ,15 In sports physiotherapy, previous analyses16 ,17 highlight areas of research design that could easily be improved: reporting of eligibility criteria and source of participants, reporting characteristics of participants at baseline, concealed allocation and intention-to-treat analysis.

## Expectations and hopes for the future

The rapid growth in the volume and modest growth in quality of evidence, along with the frequency and geographical breadth of the use of PEDro reflect well on physiotherapy clinicians and researchers. However, there is room for improvement and development in a number of areas.

Some high profile subdisciplines, notably sports and paediatrics, are trailing others in terms of the number of studies being conducted and methodological quality. Efforts to increase research output relevant to clinical practice are encouraged. Ongoing work to improve the quality of research is important. To this end, the support of many journals for compulsory trial registration,18–20 increased publication of study protocols,21–24 and free access to research methods guidelines and reporting recommendations25 ,26 are all positive developments.

A challenge for sports physiotherapy research relates to the extremely competitive funding environment across the world. Research in the sports field appears to attract less funding than other areas. This may have hampered study quality as the studies conducted are less likely to be well resourced and highly qualified and skilled researchers are not attracted and retained to sports injury research. Investment by funders in the key questions relevant to the field is needed to help address this challenge.

Improvements in training of researchers and an increase in the number of physiotherapy researchers gaining research degrees are also likely to increase the quality of published research over time. Allied to this is better integration of research and clinical practice to facilitate clinically relevant research and evidence-based practice. This can be assisted with online training tools,27 ,28 accessible texts and guides,29 courses at conferences and continuing professional development courses.

PEDro is undergoing ongoing development and enhancement with the aim of increasing access and uptake. Projects include a recent upgrade of the search function and development of training videos. There are plans to create direct links to trial registrations and trial protocols, make it possible to save searches, and to develop a more sophisticated search interface.

## Footnotes

*   Contributors SJK wrote the first draft, all authors reviewed and provided input into successive drafts and approved the final version.

*   Competing interests The authors are directors of the Centre for Evidence-based Physiotherapy which is responsible for establishing and maintaining PEDro.

*   Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

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