Footnotes

• MP and PB contributed equally.

• Handling editor Karim M Khan

• Contributors EFM wrote the analysis in collaboration with MP, GF, SS and PB. MP, GF and SS were involved in pre-participation cardiac screening organised by the charity Cardiac Risk in the Young (CRY). MP and PB contributed equally as senior authors.

• Funding EFM was funded by a European Commission Bioethics Fellowship. MP, GF and SS are funded by research grants from the charitable organisation Cardiac Risk in the Young (CRY), which supports pre-participation screening in young athletes.

• Competing interests None declared.

• Patient consent None.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.