El perfil lipídico-metabólico en los adolescentes está más influido por la condición física que por la actividad física (estudio AVENA)

doi:10.1157/13107114

Revista Española de Cardiología

Volume 60, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 581-588

https://doi.org/10.1157/13107114 Get rights and content

Introducción y objetivos

Estudiar si la actividad física realizada o el grado de condición física (capacidad aeróbica y fuerza) que poseen los adolescentes españoles, están asociados con su perfil lipídico-metabólico.

Métodos

Del total de 2.859 adolescentes españoles (13-18,5 años) evaluados en el estudio AVENA (Alimentación y Valoración del Estado Nutricional en Adolescentes), 460 (248 varones y 212 mujeres) fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente para un análisis sanguíneo. Se evaluó el grado de actividad física mediante cuestionarios. La capacidad aeróbica fue estimada a partir del test de Course-Navette. La fuerza muscular se valoró mediante una dinamometría manual, un salto de longitud y la flexión de brazos en una barra. Se calculó un índice lipídico- metabólico de riesgo cardiovascular según las concentraciones de triglicéridos, colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (cLDL), colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad (cHDL) y glucosa.

Resultados

La actividad física no mostró asociación con el índice lipídico-metabólico en ninguno de los dos sexos. El índice lipídico-metabólico se relacionó inversamente con la capacidad aeróbica en los varones (p = 0,003) tras ajustar por el grado de actividad física y la fuerza muscular. En las mujeres, un perfil lipídico-metabólico más cardiosaludable se asoció con una mayor fuerza muscular (p = 0,048) tras ajustar por la capacidad aeróbica.

Conclusiones

Estos resultados indican que en la adolescencia es el grado de condición física, y no tanto la actividad física, lo que se relaciona con el perfil de riesgo lipídico- metabólico. Una alta capacidad aeróbica en varones y un alto grado de fuerza muscular en mujeres se asocian con un menor riesgo lipídico-metabólico de enfermedad cardiovascular.

Introduction and objectives

To determine whether the level of physical activity or physical fitness (i.e., aerobic capacity and muscle strength) in Spanish adolescents influences lipid and metabolic profiles.

Methods

From a total of 2859 Spanish adolescents (age 13.0–18.5 years) taking part in the AVENA (Alimentación y Valoración del Estado Nutricional en Adolescentes) study, 460 (248 male, 212 female) were randomly selected for blood analysis. Their level of physical activity was determined by questionnaire. Aerobic capacity was assessed using the Course–Navette test. Muscle strength was evaluated using manual dynamometry, the long jump test, and the flexed arm hang test. A lipid-metabolic cardiovascular risk index was derived from the levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and glucose.

Results

No relationship was found between the level of physical activity and lipid–metabolic index in either sex. In contrast, there was an inverse relationship between the lipid–metabolic index and aerobic capacity in males (P=.003) after adjustment for physical activity level and muscle strength. In females, a favorable lipid-metabolic index was associated with greater muscle strength (P=.048) after adjustment for aerobic capacity.

Conclusions

These results indicate that, in adolescents, physical fitness, and not physical activity, is related to lipid and metabolic cardiovascular risk. Higher aerobic capacity in males and greater muscle strength in females were associated with lower lipid and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Bibliografía (48)

J.C. Eisenmann et al.
Relationship between adolescent fitness and fatness and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adulthood: the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS)
Am Heart J
(2005)
S.R. Srinivasan et al.
Childhood lipoprotein profiles and implications for adult coronary artery disease: The Bogalusa Heart Study
Am J Med Sci
(1995)
J.L. Mesa et al.
Aerobic physical fitness in relation to blood lipids and fasting glycaemia in adolescents. Influence of weight status
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis
(2006)
L.A. Moreno et al.
Harmonization of anthropometric measurements for a multicenter nutrition survey in Spanish adolescents
Nutrition
(2003)
F.B. Ortega et al.
Bajo nivel de forma física en los adolescents españoles. Importancia para la salud cardiovascular futura (Estudio AVENA)
Rev Esp Cardiol
(2005)
B. Gutin et al.
Relations of moderate and vigorous physical activity to fitness and fatness in adolescents
Am J Clin Nutr
(2005)
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity fundamental to preventing disease (material...
Healthy People 2010 Leading health indicators (material electrónico) 2000 [accedido 25 Oct 2005]. Disponible en:...
G.A. Colditz
Economic costs of obesity and inactivity
Med Sci Sports Exerc
(1999)
M. Barnekow-Bergkvist et al.
Adolescent determinants of cardiovascular risk factors in adult men and women
Scand J Public Health
(2001)

J.C. Eisenmann

Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents: an overview

Can J Cardiol

(2004)

M.J. Castillo et al.

La mejora de la forma física como terapia anti-envejecimiento

Med Clin (Barc)

(2005)

J. Myers et al.

Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing

N Engl J Med

(2002)

M.R. Carnethon et al.

Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors

JAMA

(2003)

M.J. LaMonte et al.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: a prospective study of men and women

Circulation

(2005)

S. Mora et al.

Ability of exercise testing to predict cardiovascular and all-cause death in asymptomatic women: a 20-year follow-up of the lipid research clinics prevalence study

JAMA

(2003)

E.J. Metter et al.

Skeletal muscle strenght as a predictor of all-cause mortality in healthy men

J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci

(2002)

R. Jurca et al.

Association of muscular strength with incidence of metabolic syndrome in men

Med Sci Sports Exerc

(2005)

M. Hulsmann et al.

Muscle strenght as a predictor of long-term survival in severe congestive heart failure

Eur J Heart Fail

(2004)

I. Ferreira et al.

The metabolic syndrome, cardiopulmonary fitness, and subcutaneous trunk fat as independent determinants of arterial stiffness: the Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study

Arch Intern Med

(2005)

H.C. McGill et al.

Effects of serum lipoproteins and smoking on atherosclerosis in young men and women. The PDAY Research Group. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol

(1997)

G.S. Berenson et al.

Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study

N Engl J Med

(1998)

J.P. Strong et al.

Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study

JAMA

(1999)

J.R. Ruiz et al.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with features of metabolic risk factors in children. Should cardiorespiratory fitness be assessed in a European health monitoring system? The European Youth Heart Study

J Public Health

(2006)

Cited by (139)

Risk factor control, lifestyle intervention, and prescribed medication in a cohort of patients with ischemic heart disease
2024, Semergen
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las medidas de prevención recomendadas en nuestra área de salud a los pacientes que se les da el alta tras un infarto de miocardio.
Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que seleccionó a los pacientes que habían tenido un síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) en nuestra área de salud en un año natural. Se estudió el control de los factores de riesgo que presentaban en el momento del evento coronario y al año, así como la medicación pautada tras un año del episodio. Se analizaron variables como la edad, sexo, control de dislipemia, hipertensión arterial o diabetes mellitus, adherencia a tratamiento y hábitos de vida.
Se observó que el control de los factores de riesgo era insuficiente en el momento del infarto, en ocasiones incluso sin diagnosticar y, aunque se percibió una discreta mejoría, seguía siendo insuficiente al año del mismo. Por otro lado, los pacientes estaban infratratados, especialmente en el caso de las mujeres, con un 20% más de pacientes varones bien tratados al año del infarto que de pacientes mujeres.
Se ha de realizar un esfuerzo adicional respecto al que se realiza en el momento actual, tanto por los especialistas de atención hospitalaria como de atención primaria, para realizar un buen control de los factores de riesgo, entendiendo por ello el control de ciertas enfermedades como la diabetes, la hipertensión arterial o la dislipemia, así como el de los hábitos o estilos de vida que aumentan la probabilidad de padecer un evento cardiovascular. Además, es importante para evitar estas enfermedades cardiovasculares y su recaída reforzar la adherencia a los tratamientos prescritos.
The aim of this study was to analyze the recommended prevention measures in our health area for patients discharged after a myocardial infarction.
This was a retrospective descriptive study that selected patients with acute coronary syndrome in our health area in the previous calendar year. Control of the risk factors observed at the time of the coronary event and at 1 year and medication prescribed 1 year after the episode were studied. Variables including age, sex, control of dyslipidemia, hypertension or diabetes mellitus, adherence to treatment and lifestyle habits were analyzed.
Risk factor control was insufficient and sometimes even unassessed at the time of infarction. Although a slight improvement was perceived, control remained insufficient 1 year later. Moreover, patients, particularly women, were undertreated: one fifth (20%) more men were receiving appropriate treatment than women year after the myocardial event.
An additional effort must be made compared to what is currently being done, both by specialists in Hospital Care and Primary Care, to carry out good control of risk factors, meaning the control of certain diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure or dyslipidemia, as well as habits or lifestyles that increase the probability of suffering a cardiovascular event. Furthermore, it is important to avoid these cardiovascular diseases and their relapse to reinforce adherence to the prescribed treatments.
Relationship between levels of physical activity and self-perceived physical condition in a sample of university students from Bogotá, Colombia
2021, Fisioterapia
Determinar la relación entre los niveles actividad física (AF) y la condición física (CF) autopercibida en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios en Bogotá, Colombia.
Durante los años 2017 y 2018, se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo y transversal, en 1.206 estudiantes universitarios (338 mujeres y 868 varones) pertenecientes a 2 instituciones de educación superior ubicadas en Bogotá, Colombia. Para la medición de la CF autopercibida se administró el cuestionario denominado The International Fitness Scale (IFIS) y para la valoración de la AF se aplicó el cuestionario International Physical Activity Questionnarie (IPAQ) en su versión corta. Ambos cuestionarios ya se encuentran validados para población juvenil colombiana. Se aplicó un Anova de un factor para establecer la relación entre los niveles de AF, representado en los metabolic equivalent of task (MET) consumidos semanalmente y la CF autopercibida en cada uno de sus componentes.
En los varones, se presentó una relación significativa entre los MET consumidos semanalmente y la CF autopercibida en los componentes de CF general y fuerza muscular (p < 0,05). En las mujeres esta relación solo se presentó con la variable de CF general.
La AF y la CF autopercibida son 2 componentes que se relacionan en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia.
To determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-perceived physical condition in a sample of university students from Bogotá, Colombia.
During the years 2017 and 2018, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in 1206 university students (338 women and 868 men) belonging to 2 higher education institutions located in Bogotá, Colombia. For the measurement of self-perceived physical condition, the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) questionnaire was administered and for the assessment of PA the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was applied in its short version. Both questionnaires have already been validated for the Colombian youth population. A one-way ANOVA was applied to establish the relationship between levels of physical activity, represented in METs (metabolic equivalent of task) consumed weekly and self-perceived physical condition in each of its components.
In men, there was a significant relationship between METs consumed weekly and self-perceived physical condition in the components of general physical condition and muscle strength (P<.05). In women, this relationship only occurred with the general PC variable.
Physical activity and self-perceived physical condition are two components that are related in university students from the city of Bogotá, Colombia.
Aerobic fitness, Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults
2020, Endocrinologia, Diabetes y Nutricion
Un estilo de vida poco activo y una dieta inadecuada podrían influir en el desarrollo de futuras enfermedades cardiometabólicas. El objetivo principal fue determinar la asociación entre capacidad aeróbica y factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos y si dicha posible asociación es independiente de la dieta mediterránea (DM). A su vez, se plantea como objetivo secundario estudiar el efecto combinado de la capacidad aeróbica y la adherencia a la DM sobre el índice de riesgo cardiometabólico global (IRCM) en adultos.
Se evaluó a 79 adultos (38% mujeres) entre 18 y 40 años en Cádiz. Se midieron indicadores de adiposidad, presión arterial, triglicéridos, glucosa y perfil inflamatorio (interleucina-6 y factor de necrosis tumoral) y se desarrolló un IRCM. Se midió la capacidad aeróbica mediante el consumo máximo de oxígeno a través de una prueba de esfuerzo incremental en cicloergómetro. La adherencia a la DM se evaluó mediante cuestionario. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión lineal para estudiar la asociación entre capacidad aeróbica y factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos con diferentes modelos de ajuste. Se analizó el efecto combinado de la capacidad aeróbica y la adherencia a la DM sobre el IRCM mediante el test de ANOVA, con nivel de significación de p < 0,05 en Bonferroni.
Se observó asociación negativa entre la capacidad aeróbica y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos (todas p ≤ 0,05) en el modelo sin ajustar. La presión arterial y los triglicéridos perdieron la asociación tras ajustar el modelo por sexo, edad y adherencia a la DM. Los participantes con alta capacidad aeróbica y alta adherencia a la DM mostraron un menor IRCM (−1,083 ± 2,325 vs. 2,802 ± 1,759).
La capacidad aeróbica se asocia de forma inversa con factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos relacionados con la adiposidad, independientemente de la adherencia a la DM. Una alta adherencia a la DM podría influir en la modulación de la presión arterial. Una alta capacidad aeróbica podría reducir las consecuencias adversas de una baja adherencia a la DM.
Unhealthy lifestyle and inadequate diet could influence the development of future cardiometabolic disease. The main aim of this study was to determine the association between aerobic fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults, whether this relation is depends of adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD). A secondary aim was to study the combined effect of aerobic capacity and adherence to MD on global cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS).
A total of 79 adults (38% women) enrolled between 18-40 year from Cádiz. We measured adiposity indicators, blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose and inflammatory profile (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor) and was computed (CMRS). Aerobic fitness was measured by maximal oxygen comsuption through an incremental stress test by cycleergometer. The MD patterns was measured using the questionnaire of adherence to MD. The association between aerobic fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors was examined using a lineal regression and it was adjusted for different confounders. CMRS on the lifestyle was analyzed using the ANOVA test, with statistical significance level of P<0.05 in Bonferroni.
Linear regression showed inverse association between aerobic fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors (all P≤0.05) in the model without adjustment. Blood pressure and triglycerides lost the association after adjust model for sex, age, and adherence to MD. Participants with high aerobic fitness and high adherence to MD show a lowest CMRS (−1.083 ± 2.325 vs. 2.802 ± 1.759).
Aerobic fitness was inversely associated with fatness risk factors, that relationship is independent to adherence to MD. A high adherence to MD could modulate blood pressure. A combination of high aerobic capacity and high adherence to MD could reduce the adverse consecuence of a low adherencie to MD.
Relationship between fitness, birth weight and breastfeeding in adolescents of a rural village in Spain
2019, Science and Sports
Citation Excerpt :
If practiced regularly, it is considered one of the most effective methods to prevent the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. Moreover, it appears that from an early age, the degree of physical activity seems to be linked with certain cardiovascular risk factors [1]. It is also known that regular physical activity can maintain or improve certain aspects of fitness.
Fitness in adolescence is closely related to health even in adulthood. Fitness can be improved with the practice of physical activity however other factors cannot be modified as in the case of birth weight or breastfeeding.
In this study we measured fitness of 233 students 14.76 (± 0.84) years through tests of the Eurofit battery such as 20 meter shuttle run test, horizontal jump, sit and reach, sit up 30 seconds, handgrip strength agility (4 × 10) and anthropometric data. Furthermore, we asked the birth weight and breastfeeding time.
The results showed no significant differences in terms of breastfeeding, there were only differences in the boys in the sit up test (breastfeeding was related with better scores) and girls in flexibility (breastfeeding was related with lowers scores). Regarding the boys birth weight, a positive relationship was found between the anthropometric data and the dynamometry test; and the weight at birth. In girls, however, differences were found in several physical fitness tests with positive relationships in the aerobic endurance, hand grip strenght, sit up and horizontal jump tests. In conclusion birth weight was related with better fitness scores in girls. Additionally, for boys we found relationship with anthropometric variables. On the other hand, the time of breast milk intake did not seem to show a clear association with any of these variables.
La forme physique durant l’adolescence est intimement liée à la santé, et ce même durant l’âge adulte. La forme physique peut être améliorée grâce à la pratique d’une activité physique. Cependant, d’autres facteurs ne peuvent pas être modifiés, comme c’est le cas pour le poids de naissance ou l’allaitement au sein.
Lors de cette étude, nous avons mesuré la forme physique de 233 collégiens de 14,76 (± 0,84) ans à travers des essais issus de la batterie de tests Eurofit: le test de course navette sur 20 mètres, le saut à l’horizontale, le sit and reach (flexions du tronc), les redressements sur 30 secondes, l’agilité et la force de poigne (4 × 10) ainsi que des données anthropométriques. D’autre part, nous avons demandé le poids de naissance et la durée de l’allaitement au sein.
Les résultats démontrent qu’il n’y a pas de différences significatives en ce qui concerne l’allaitement au sein, mais qu’il existe seulement des différences chez les garçons durant le test de sit up (l’allaitement au sein est lié à de meilleurs résultats) et chez les filles durant le test de souplesse (l’allaitement est lié à de moins bons résultats). En ce qui concerne le poids des garçons, un rapport positif a été démontré entre les données anthropométriques et le test de dynamométrie, et le poids de naissance. Cependant, chez les filles, nous avons pu trouver des différences parmi plusieurs tests de forme physique avec les rapports positifs dans les tests d’endurance aérobie, la force de poigne, le sit up et le saut à l’horizontale. En conclusion, nous pouvons établir un lien entre le poids de naissance et une meilleure forme physique chez les filles. De plus, chez les garçons, nous avons trouvé des rapports avec les variables anthropométriques. Par ailleurs, la durée de l’allaitement au sein ne démontre pas de lien clairement établi avec aucune de ces variables.
Association of daily steps on lipid and glycaemic profiles in children: The mediator role of cardiorespiratory fitness
2024, Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics
Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness in Children and Adolescents with Obesity
2024, Current Cardiology Reports

View all citing articles on Scopus

^☆: En el anexo se expone la relación de participantes en el estudio AVENA.

: Financiado por el Ministerio Español de Sanidad y Consumo (FIS n.° 00/0015), fondos FEDER-FSE, Ministerio Español de Educación y Ciencia (AP2002-2920; AP2003-2138; AP2004-2745; AP2005-4358), Consejo Superior de Deportes (Ref: 05/UPB32/01, 109/UPB31/03 y 13/UPB20/04), y subvencionado por Panrico S.A., Madaus S.A. y Procter & Gamble S.A.

View full text

Artículo originalEl perfil lipídico-metabólico en los adolescentes está más influido por la condición física que por la actividad física (estudio AVENA)Lipid and Metabolic Profiles in Adolescents Are Affected More by Physical Fitness Than Physical Activity (AVENA Study)☆,

Introducción y objetivos

Métodos

Resultados

Conclusiones

Introduction and objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Am Heart J

Am J Med Sci

Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis

Nutrition

Rev Esp Cardiol

Am J Clin Nutr

Economic costs of obesity and inactivity

Med Sci Sports Exerc

Adolescent determinants of cardiovascular risk factors in adult men and women

Scand J Public Health

Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents: an overview

Can J Cardiol

La mejora de la forma física como terapia anti-envejecimiento

Med Clin (Barc)

Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing

N Engl J Med

Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors

JAMA

Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: a prospective study of men and women

Circulation

Ability of exercise testing to predict cardiovascular and all-cause death in asymptomatic women: a 20-year follow-up of the lipid research clinics prevalence study

JAMA

Skeletal muscle strenght as a predictor of all-cause mortality in healthy men

J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci

Association of muscular strength with incidence of metabolic syndrome in men

Med Sci Sports Exerc

Muscle strenght as a predictor of long-term survival in severe congestive heart failure

Eur J Heart Fail

The metabolic syndrome, cardiopulmonary fitness, and subcutaneous trunk fat as independent determinants of arterial stiffness: the Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study

Arch Intern Med

Effects of serum lipoproteins and smoking on atherosclerosis in young men and women. The PDAY Research Group. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol

Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study

N Engl J Med

Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study

JAMA

Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with features of metabolic risk factors in children. Should cardiorespiratory fitness be assessed in a European health monitoring system? The European Youth Heart Study

J Public Health

Artículo original
El perfil lipídico-metabólico en los adolescentes está más influido por la condición física que por la actividad física (estudio AVENA)Lipid and Metabolic Profiles in Adolescents Are Affected More by Physical Fitness Than Physical Activity (AVENA Study)☆,