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Annual Age-Grouping and Athlete Development

A Meta-Analytical Review of Relative Age Effects in Sport

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Abstract

Annual age-grouping is a common organizational strategy in sport. However, such a strategy appears to promote relative age effects (RAEs). RAEs refer both to the immediate participation and long-term attainment constraints in sport, occurring as a result of chronological age and associated physical (e.g. height) differences as well as selection practices in annual age-grouped cohorts. This article represents the first meta-analytical review of RAEs, aimed to collectively determine (i) the overall prevalence and strength of RAEs across and within sports, and (ii) identify moderator variables. A total of 38 studies, spanning 1984–2007, containing 253 independent samples across 14 sports and 16 countries were re-examined and included in a single analysis using odds ratios and random effects procedures for combining study estimates. Overall results identified consistent prevalence of RAEs, but with small effect sizes. Effect size increased linearly with relative age differences. Follow-up analyses identified age category, skill level and sport context as moderators of RAE magnitude. Sports context involving adolescent (aged 15–18 years) males, at the representative (i.e. regional and national) level in highly popular sports appear most at risk to RAE inequalities. Researchers need to understand the mechanisms by which RAEs magnify and subside, as well as confirm whether RAEs exist in female and more culturally diverse contexts. To reduce and eliminate this social inequality from influencing athletes’ experiences, especially within developmental periods, direct policy, organizational and practitioner intervention is required.

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Notes

  1. The search and data collection procedure missed one study, which came to light following data analysis.[43]

  2. Since the time of data collection and analysis several more studies have been published.

  3. An odds ratio is considered as a comparison between the odds of exposure (i.e. to a sport context) compared to the odds of exposure (i.e. general population). Confidence intervals quantify the uncertainty in measurement. It is usually reported as 95% CI, which is the range of values within which we can be 95% sure that the true value for the whole population lies. See Rudas[44] for an introduction.

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Acknowledgement

No funding was received for this review, and the authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK

    Stephen Cobley, Nick Wattie & Jim McKenna

  2. School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Joseph Baker

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  1. Stephen Cobley
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Correspondence to Stephen Cobley.

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Cobley, S., Baker, J., Wattie, N. et al. Annual Age-Grouping and Athlete Development. Sports Med 39, 235–256 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939030-00005

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