Typical patterns rated as improve (↑), decline (↓), conflicting findings (?), or no change (–). Three symbols indicates strong evidence, two symbols for moderate evidence and one symbol for limited evidence. Shading highlights strong (dark grey) and moderate (light grey) associations. Abbreviations for objective measures: cortisol (C), testosterone (T), epinephrine and norepinephrine (E/NE), growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinising hormone (LH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), erythrocytes (RBC), Haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb), leukocytes (Leuk.), immunoglobulin-A (IgA), immunoglobulin-G (IgG), interleukins (IL-), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), C reactive protein (CRP), reduced-oxidised glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG), creatine kinase (CK), blood lactate (La), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), oxygen consumption (VO₂). n refers to number of contributing studies.