Table 3

Effects of concurrent exercise compared with AT on body composition, lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, blood pressure and adipokines in paediatric population

	Study (n)	Participants (n)	MD (95% CI)	p Value	I² (%)	Egger test
Body composition
Body mass, kg	9	487	−2.282 (−4.557 to −0.007)	0.049	0	0.430
Body mass index, kg/m²	10	540	−0.690 (−1.425 to 0.045)	0.066	7.1	0.231
Waist circumference, cm	4	247	−3.389 (−7.870 to 1.029)	0.133	63.8	0.140
Fat mass, %	8	493	−3.491 (−5.747 to −1.235)	0.002	67.9	0.014
Fat mass, kg	9	519	−4.337 (−7.147 to −1.528)	0.002	58.2	0.179
Lean body mass, kg	9	519	2.195 (0.204 to 4.186)	0.031	48.2	0.051
Visceral fat, cm	7	443	−0.051 (−0.402 to 0.299)	0.774	35.8	0.468
Subcutaneous fat, cm	6	378	−0.175 (−0.370 to 0.021)	0.081	6.9	0.129
Lipids and lipoprotein
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	6	406	−17.59 (−39.95 to 4.767)	0.123	91.4	0.346
HDL, mg/dL	6	393	1.053 (−0.894 to 3.000)	0.289	0	0.470
LDL, mg/dL	7	438	−10.20 (−17.97 to −2.433)	0.010	30.8	0.066
Triglycerides, mg/dL	7	438	10.26 (−0.985 to 21.51)*	0.074	46.3	<0.001
Insulin resistance
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	7	451	−0.422 (−1.119 to 0.275)	0.236	87.4	0.100
Fasting insulin, µU/mL	6	416	−1.656 (−3.993 to 0.680)	0.165	53.4	0.404
HOMA-index	5	266	−0.403 (−1.151 to 0.346)	0.292	63.1	0.389
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	3	215	−2.907 (−12.12 to 6.311)	0.537	79.5	0.173
Adipokines
Adiponectin, μg/mL	5	263	2.591 (1.860 to 3.322)	<0.001	0	0.055
Leptin, μg/mL	4	236	−6.810 (−13.73 to 0.107)	0.054	54.9	0.091

*Positive MD indicates values that favour AT group; all other values indicate results that favour concurrent exercise group.
AE, aerobic training programs; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MD, mean difference.