Class of effect | Effector molecule or gene | Effect of exercise on effector molecule or gene |
---|---|---|
Cell growth regulators | IGF-1 | Decreased levels32–36 |
IGFBP3 | Increased levels35 36 | |
Proteins involved in DNA damage repair | BRCA1 | Increased expression41–44 |
BRCA2 | Increased expression41–44 | |
Androgen receptor coactivators | RAS family oncogenes | Suppressed activity40 |
Regulators of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest | P53 | Enhanced activity43–45 |
Heat shock proteins | Enhanced activity55 61–66 | |
Hormonal systems | Oestrogen | Reduced activity29 70 117 125–143 |
Testosterone | Transient rise then reduced activity70–84 | |
VIP | Transient rise then reduced activity49 51–53 | |
Leptin | Reduced activity133 138–142 144 | |
Irisin | Enhanced activity85–90 | |
Resistin | Reduced activity123 124 145 | |
Immune system components | Natural killer cells | Enhanced activity91–97 |
White cells | Enhanced activity91–94 | |
Inflammation | C reactive protein, interleukin-6, TNFα | Reduced activity93–102 |
Prostaglandins | Reduced activity106–114 | |
COX-2 | Reduced activity106–114 | |
Oxidative stress and antioxidant pathways | Glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase | Increased activity55 57 59 60 |
COX-2, cyclo-oxidase-2; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.