Echocardiographic patterns of paediatric athletes: impact of race
| Parameter | Black (12–18 years) | Caucasian (8–18 years) | % Difference |
| LVIDd (mm) | 49.5 (47.0–51.9) (3; 525(97%) | 48.2 (46.3–50.0) (10; 3919) (99%) | 2.6 |
| IVSd (mm) | 9.7 (9.5–9.9) (2; 196) (0%) | 8.7 (8.0–9.3) (9; 3016) (99%) | 10.3 |
| PWTd (mm) | 9.7 (9.4–10.1)* (2; 196) (44%) | 8.5 (7.9–9.0) (9; 3016) (99%) | 12.4 |
| RWT | 0.39 (0.38–0.40) (4; 680) (90%) | 0.36 (0.34–0.38) (10; 3919) (99%) | 7.7 |
| LVM (g) | 169.4 (143–195.9) (2; 196) (95%) | 148.2 (129.0–167.4) (9; 3016) (99%) | 12.5 |
| Ao (mm) | 29.7 (28.9–30.5) (3; 638) (90%) | 26.9 (24.1–29.7) (4; 1137) (99%) | 9.4 |
| LAD (mm) | 35.4 (34.6–36.1)† (3; 638) (81%) | 30.5 (27.0–34.0) (4; 3320) (99%) | 13.4 |
| E/A | 2.1 (1.9–2.3) (2; 483) (88%) | 2.1 (1.9–2.3) (5; 1207) (93%) | 0.0 |
Data are mean (95% CI) (number of studies; number of participants) (heterogenity).
*p≤0.05, significantly greater in black than Caucasian athletes.
† p≤0.01, significantly greater in black than Caucasian athletes.
Ao, aortic root diameter; IVSd, interventricular septum thickness in end diastole; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVIDd, left ventricular cavity diameter in end diastole; LVM, left ventricular mass; PWTd, posterior wall thickness in end diastole; RWT, relative wall thickness.