Article characteristics
| Athletes | Non-athletes | Outcome data | |||||||||||
| Author, year | n | Chronological ageMean (range) | Biological age | Race(C:B:O) | Sex(M:F) | Sport | n | Chronological ageMean (range) | Biological age | Race(C:B:O) | Sex(M:F) | ECG | ECHOcho |
| Agrebi et al, 201567 | 24 | 13.9 (11–17) | NR | 0:0:24 | 24:0 | Handball | |||||||
| Attisani et al, 201133 | 1865 | 13.7 (6–18) | NR | NR | 1865:0 | Soccer/gymnastics | Y | N | |||||
| Ayabakan et al, 2006106 | 22 | 11.0 (9–12) | Prepubertal | 22:0:0 | 22:0 | Swimming | 21 | 10.7 (9–12) | Prepubertal | 21:0:0 | 21:0 | N | Y |
| Bartkevičienė, 201556 | 167 | 14.8 (12–17) | NR | NR | 167:0 | N | Y | ||||||
| Bessem et al, 201557 | 193 | 14 (10–19) | NR | 134:29:30 | 193:0 | Soccer | Y | N | |||||
| Calò et al, 2015107 | 2261 | 12.4 (8–18) | Peripubertal | 2261:0:0 | 2261:0 | Soccer | Y | Y | |||||
| Csajági et al, 201569 | 18 | 13.7 (13–15) | Midpubertal | 18:0:0 | 8:7 | Swimming | 15 | 13.8 (13–15) | Midpubertal | 15:0:0 | 8:7 | N | Y |
| Di Paolo et al,201258 | 216 | 16.1 (14–18) | NR | 63:153:0 | 216:0 | Soccer | Y | Y | |||||
| Dinu et al, 201035 | 40 | 12.7 (10–17) | NR | NR | NR | Athletics | N | Y | |||||
| Hauser et al, 201337 | 26 | 12.6 (7–17) | NR | NR | 18:8 | Triathlon | N | Y | |||||
| Hoogsteen et al, 200338 | 66 | 17.5 (17–18) | NR | NR | 66:0 | Cycling | N | Y | |||||
| Kinoshita et al, 201559 | 34 | 16.5 (16–17) | NR | 0:0:34 | 0:34 | Middle/long-distance runners | N | Y | |||||
| Koch et al, 201439 | 343 | 13 (10–15) | NR | NR | 189:154 | High-school athletes | Y | Y | |||||
| Konopka et al, 201560 | 78 | 14.3 (12–17) | NR | 78:0:0 | 64:14 | Soccer, tennis, rowing | N | Y | |||||
| Madeira et al, 200853 | 21 | 15.9 (15–16) | NR | NR | 21:0 | Soccer, swimming | N | Y | |||||
| Makan et al, 200568 | 900 | 15.7 (14–18) | Postpubertal | 882:0:18 | 693:207 | 10 sporting disciplines (invasion games/racket/endurance/combat) | 250 | 15.5 (14–18) | Postpubertal | NR | 177:48 | N | Y |
| Medved et al, 198636 | 72 | 10 (8–14) | NR | NR | NR | Swimming | 72 | 10 (8–14) | NR | NR | NS | N | Y |
| Meško et al, 199340 | 23 | 14.5 (14–15) | NR | NR | 23:0 | Hockey | 17 | 14.5 (14–15) | NR | NR | 17:0 | N | Y |
| Migliore et al, 2012108 | 2765 | 13.9 (8–18) | Peripubertal | 2765:0:0 | 1914:851 | 18 sporting disciplines (invasion games/gymnastics/winter sports/horse riding/racket/endurance/combat) | Y | N | |||||
| Moarles, 199234 | 9 | 16.2 (14–17) | NR | NR | 9:0 | Basketball | N | Y | |||||
| Obert et al, 199841 | 10 | 10.7 (10–11) | Prepubertal | NR | 4:6 | Swimming | 11 | 10.9 (10–11) | Prepubertal | NR | 4:7 | N | Y |
| Ozer et al,199442 | 82 | 11.2 (7–14) | NR | NR | 41:41 | Swimming | 41 | 10.8 (7–15) | NS | NR | 22:19 | N | Y |
| Papadakis et al, 2009109 | 1710 | 16 (14–18) | Postpubertal | 1642:0:0 | 1414:291 | 15 sporting disciplines (invasion games/racket/endurance/combat) | 400 | 16 (14–18) | Postpubertal | 385:0:0 | 330:70 | Y | N |
| Pavlik et al, 2001110 | 165 | 14.7 (10–18) | NR | 165:0:0 | 165:0 | 7 sporting disciplines (endurance/invasion games/weightlifting) | 22 | 14.7 (10–18) | NR | 22:0:0 | 22:0 | N | Y |
| Pelà et al, 201543 | 138 | 14.3 (11–17) | NR | 96:42:0 | 138:0 | Soccer | Y | Y | |||||
| Pelà et al, 201644 | 206 | 13.8 (11–17) | NR | 206:0:0 | 158:48 | Soccer | Y | Y | |||||
| Petridis et al, 200461 | 137 | 16.6 (15–18) | NR | NR | 137:0 | Swimming | N | Y | |||||
| Rowland et al, 198745 | 14 | 11 (8–14) | Prepubertal | NR | 14:0 | Swimming | 19 | 10.4 (8–13) | Prepubertal | NR | 19:0 | Y | Y |
| Rowland et al, 199446 | 10 | 12.2 (11–13) | Prepubertal | NR | 10:0 | Middle distance runners | 18 | 11.3 (10–14) | Prepubertal | NR | 18:0 | Y | Y |
| Rowland et al, 199747 | 9 | 12.2 (9–15) | Early pubertal | NR | 9:0 | Cyclists | N | Y | |||||
| Rowland et al, 200048 | 8 | 11.9 (10–13) | Early pubertal | NR | 8:0 | Cyclists and triathletes | 39 | 12.2 (10–13) | Early pubertal | NR | 39:0 | N | Y |
| Schmied et al, 200962 | 155 | 16.4 (14–17) | NR | 0:155:0 | 155:0 | Soccer | Y | Y | |||||
| Sharma et al, 199970 | 1000 | 15.7 (14–18) | Postpubertal | 998:8:4 | 730:180 | 9 sporting disciplines (invasion games/racket/endurance/combat) | 300 | 15.6 (14–18) | Postpubertal | 293:0:7 | 210:90 | Y | N |
| Sharma et al, 200224 | 720 | 15.7 (14–18) | NR | 706:14:0 | 540:180 | 10 sporting disciplines (invasion games/racket/endurance/combat) | N | Y | |||||
| Sheikh et al, 201363 | 1232 | 16.4 (14–18) | NR | 903:329:0 | 980:252 | Swimming/athletics | 134 | 15.3 (14–18) | NR | 0:134:0 | 88:46 | Y | Y |
| Shi and Selig, 200549 | 13 | 15.3 (14–16) | NR | NR | 13:0 | Gymnastics/swimmers | N | Y | |||||
| Stoner, 199764 | 37 | 9.9 (7–11) | NR | NR | 0:37 | Athletics | 22 | 9.1 (7–11) | NR | NR | 0:22 | N | Y |
| Sundberg and Elovainio, 198250 | 59 | 13.7 (10–17) | NR | NR | 59:0 | Athletics | 81 | 13.9 (10–17) | NR | NR | 81:0 | Y | N |
| Telford et al, 198851 | 85 | 11.9 (11–12) | Pre/midpubertal | NR | 48:37 | Hockey | 106 | 12.3 (12–13) | Pre/midpubertal | 60:46 | N | Y | |
| Valente-Dos-Santos et al, 201352 | 73 | 15.4 (15–17) | Skeletal age 16.4 | NR | 73:0 | Basketball | N | Y | |||||
| Vasiliauskas et al, 200665 | 62 | 13.6 (8–17) | NR | 62:0:0 | 62:0 | Soccer | N | Y | |||||
| Yildirim et al, 201655 | 140 | 14.3 (10–18) | NR | NR | 107:33 | Basketball, soccer, swimmers | 31 | 14.1 (10–18) | NR | NR | 21:10 | Y | Y |
| Zdravkovic et al, 201066 | 94 | 12.9 (12–14) | NR | 94:0:0 | 94:0 | Soccer | 47 | 12.9 (12–14) | NR | 47:0:0 | 47:0 | N | Y |
B, black; C, Caucasian; F, female; M, male; N, no; NR, not reported; O, other; Y, yes.