Authors, study type CASP score (%) |
Setting Sports type/gender/level/country |
Groin pain Definition |
Hip ROM Movement direction | Assessment procedure | |||
Body position | Device | End range | Number of assessors/qualification | ||||
Arnason et al
26 PC, 92% | Soccer/M/prof/Iceland | Groin strain | 1. ABD 2. EXT | 1. Supine, hip neutral EXT 2. Supine, hip neutral ABD (Thomas test) | Standard goniometer in degrees (°) | Standardised force assessed by tensiometer | 1 experienced PT |
Verrall et al 30 PC, 92% | ARF/M/prof/Australia | Chronic groin injury | 1. IR 2. ER 3. TR | 1, 2 and 3. Supine, hip and knee FL 90° | Standard goniometer in degrees (°) | Maximum range of rotation Not further specified | 1 NR |
Engebretsen et al
19 PC, 77% | Soccer/M/ Am/Norway | Groin strain | 1. IR 2. ER 3. FL 4. EXT 5. ABD | 1, 2. Supine, hip and knee FL 90° 3. Supine 4. Supine, hip neutral ABD (Thomas test) 5. Supine, hip neutral EXT | Standard goniometer in degrees (°) | According FIFA Handbook Not further specified | 10 Sport PTs/sport physicians |
Emery et al
27 PC, 67% | Ice hockey/M/prof/Canada | Groin muscle strain injury | 1. Bilateral ABD (active) | 1. Supine, hip neutral EXT, ABD performed bilaterally at once | Standard goniometer in degrees (°) | Maximum active abduction Not further specified | 23 PTs / physicians |
Ibrahim et al
24 PC, 58% | Soccer/M/prof/Australia | Adductor strain | 1. TR | 1. Supine, hip and knee FL 90° | Standard goniometer in degrees (°) | Move to end range Not further specified | 1 NR |
Tyler et al
28 PC, 58% | Ice hockey/M/prof/USA | Adductor muscle strain injury | 1. ABD | 1. Supine, hip neutral EXT | Standard goniometer in degrees (°) | Start of leg rotating externally | 1 NR |
Witvrouw et al
29 PC, 58% | Soccer/M/prof/Belgium | Adductor muscle injury | 1. ABD | 1. Supine, hip neutral EXT | Standard goniometer in degrees (°) | Start of leg rotating externally | 2 PT |
Nevin et al
31 CC, 71% | Gaelic football/M/Am/Ireland | Longstanding groin pain due to sport | 1. IR 2. ER 3. BKFO | 1. Prone, hip neutral EXT, knees together and FL 90° 2. Supine, hip neutral EXT, knees FL 90° 3. Crook-lying, hip FL 45°, knee FL 90° feet together | 1,2. Inclinometer in degrees (°) 3. Rigid tape measure; distance fibula-head to plinth (cm) | 1. Gentle overpressure 2. End range of motion (ROM) OR pelvis moving 3. Gentle over pressure for BKFO | 1 NR |
Verrall et al 25 CC, 57% | ARF/M/prof/Australia | Chronic groin injury | 1. Bilateral IR 2. Bilateral ER 3. Bilateral TR | 1, 2, 3. Supine, hip and knee FL 90° | Standard goniometer in degrees (°) | 1,2,3. Maximum range of rotation Not further specified | 1 NR |
Malliaras et al
22 CC, 47% | ARF+soccer/M/elite junior/Australia | Groin pain | 1. IR 2. ER 3. Bilateral IR 4. Bilateral ER 5. BKFO | 1. Prone, hip neutral EXT, knees FL 90° 2. Supine, hip neutral EXT, knees FL 90° 3. as per 1 4. as per 2 5. Crook-lying, hips FL 45°, knees FL 90° feet together | 1, 2, 3, 4. Inclinometer in degrees (°) 5. Rigid tape measure; distance fibula-head to plinth (cm) | 1. Gentle overpressure 2. End ROM OR pelvic movement 5. Gentle over pressure for BKFO | 2 NR |
Rambani et al
23 CC, 29% | NR/M+F/N/ UK | Sports hernia | 1. IR 2. ER 3. FL 4. ABD 5. ADD | 1, 2. Supine, hip and knee FL 90° 3. Prone 4, 5. Prone, hip neutral EXT | Standard goniometer in degrees (°) | NR | 2 NR |
Hip ROM refers to passive measures unless stated otherwise.
ABD, abduction; ADD, adduction; Am, amateur; ARF, Australian rules football; BKFO, bent knee fall out; CASP, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme; CC, case-control study; ER, external rotation; EXT, extension; F, female; FL, flexion; IR, internal rotation; M, male; NR, not reported; PC, prospective cohort study; prof, professional; PT, physical therapist; TR, total rotation (IR+ER) per hip.