Study | Setting | Study design | Sample size (n) | Sport(s) | Level | Mean age (years±SE) | Gender (% male) | Index test(s) | Reference standard |
Maddocks et al 33 | Australia | PCS | 56 | Australian football | Professional | NR | 100 | Individual symptoms, Maddocks questions | Clinical diagnosis |
McCrory et al 34 | Australia | PCS | 303 | Australian football | Professional | NR | 100 | Individual symptoms | Clinical diagnosis |
Barr and McCrea35 | USA | PCS | 118 | American football | Varsity high school | 18.1 (NR) | NR | SAC | Clinical diagnosis |
Erlanger et al 36 | USA | PCS | 47 | American football, ice hockey, field hockey, wrestling, soccer, basketball | School adolescents | 17.6 (SD 2.23) | 57 | Individual symptoms | NR |
McCrea37 | USA | PCS | 118 | American football | Varsity high school | 19.8±1.3 | NR | SAC | Clinical diagnosis |
McCrea et al 38 | USA | PCS | 91 | American football | Varsity high school | 17.5±2.1 | NR | SAC | Clinical diagnosis |
McCrea et al 39 | USA | PCS | 150 | American football | Collegiate adults | 20.04 (SD 1.36) | 100 | GSC, BESS, SAC | Clinical diagnosis |
Echlin et al 40 | USA | PCS | 67 | Ice hockey | Junior adolescents | 18.2±1.2 | 100% | BESS, SAC | Clinical diagnosis + SCAT 2 |
Galetta et al 41 | USA | PCS | 39 | Boxing, mixed martial arts | Amateur adult | 24 | 97 | KD | MACE |
Galetta et al 42 | USA | PCS | 219 | American football, soccer, basketball | Collegiate athletics | 20.3±1.4 | 83 | KD | Clinical diagnosis |
Barr et al 43 | USA | PCS | 90 | American football | High school, collegiate | NR | 100 | CSI, SAC, BESS | Clinical diagnosis |
King et al 44 | NZ | PCS | 50 | Rugby league | Amateur adult | 22.4±4.1 | 100 | KD | SCAT 2 |
Galetta et al 45 | USA | PCS | 27 | Ice hockey | Professional | 25±5 | 100 | KD, SAC | SCAT 2 |
Dhawan et al 46 | USA | PCS | 141 | Hockey | High school athletics | NR | NR | KD | NR |
Leong et al 47 | USA | PCS | 34 | Boxing | Amateur adult | 25.8±8.3 | 85 | KD | MACE |
Fuller et al 21 | UK, RSA, France | PCS | 165 | Rugby union | Professional adults | NR | 100 | PSACA1 tool: Maddocks questions, symptoms checklist, mental status assessment, tandem stance test | Clinical diagnosis + SCAT 3 |
Galetta et al 48 | USA | PCS | 243 | Ice hockey, lacrosse, athletics | Amateur youth, collegiate athletics | Youths: 11±3, adults: 20±1 | Youths: 84 Adults: 74 | KD, timed tandem gait, SAC | Clinical diagnosis |
Leong et al 49 | USA | PCS | 127 | American football, basketball | Collegiate athletics | 19.6±1.2 | 94 | KD | Modified SCAT 2 |
Marinides et al 50 | USA | RCS | 217 | American football, lacrosse, soccer | Collegiate athletics | NR | 70 | KD, BESS, SAC | Clinical diagnosis |
Putukian et al 51 | USA | PCS | 263 | American football, rugby union, sprint football, crew | Collegiate adults | 20.33 (SD 1.74) | 67% | SCAT2 symptom checklist, modified BESS, SAC, SCAT2 | Clinical diagnosis |
Seidman et al 52 | USA | PCS | 337 | American football | High school athletics | 15.4±1.3 | 100 | KD | SCAT 3 |
BESS, Balance Error Scoring System; CSI, Concussion Symptom Inventory; GSC, Graded Symptom Checklist; KD, King-Devick; MACE, Military Acute Concussion Evaluation; NR, not reported; NZ, New Zealand; PCS, prospective cohort study; RCS, retrospective cohort study; RSA, Republic of South Africa; SAC, Standardised Assessment of Concussion; SCAT, Sports Concussion Assessment Tool.