Table 2

Associations between walking pace (three groups) and all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality. Walkers aged 30 years and over with no diagnosed cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline* excluding deaths occurring in the first 24 months of follow-up

	Deaths/n	Model 1†		Model 2‡		Model 3§
	Deaths/n	HR	95% CIs	HR	95% CIs	HR	95% CIs
All-cause mortality
Walking pace
Slow	576/4101	1		1		1
Average	1957/25 857	0.73	0.67 to 0.81	0.78	0.71 to 0.87	0.80	0.72 to 0.88
Brisk/fast	730/19 773	0.61	0.55 to 0.69	0.68	0.61 to 0.77	0.76	0.67 to 0.87
P trend linear		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
P trend non-linear		<0.001		0.003		0.001
Cardiovascular mortality
Walking pace
Slow	192/4101	1		1		1
Average	552/25 857	0.68	0.57 to 0.81	0.75	0.63 to 0.90	0.76	0.64 to 0.91
Brisk/fast	193/19 773	0.55	0.45 to 0.68	0.67	0.54 to 0.83	0.79	0.62 to 0.99
P trend linear		<0.001		0.001		0.089
P trend non-linear		0.007		0.032		0.007
Cancer mortality
Walking pace
Slow	137/4101	1		1		1
Average	717/25 857	1.03	0.85 to 1.24	1.06	0.88 to 1.29	1.08	0.89 to 1.31
Brisk/fast	297/19 773	0.88	0.71 to 1.08	0.95	0.76 to 1.17	1.02	0.81 to 1.29
P trend linear		0.152		0.478		0.945
P trend non-linear		0.338		0.269		0.339

The Health Survey for England and Scottish Health Survey (n=49 731).
*Prevalent cardiovascular disease was defined as doctor-diagnosed or self-reported (long-standing illness module) ischaemic heart disease, angina or stroke; prevalent cancer was determined through cancer registration records or self-reported (long-standing illness module).
†Model adjusted for age, sex and cohort.
‡Model also adjusted for long-standing illness, alcohol drinking frequency, psychological distress, body mass index, smoking status and education level.
§Model also adjusted for total (non-walking) physical activity volume (MET-hours/week), walking volume (MET-hours/week) and highest physical activity intensity reached.
MET, metabolic equivalent.