Table 3

Mean values for peak 1 min and 30 min cadences

Reference	Sample	Instrument	Monitoring frame	Peak 1 min cadence (steps/min)	Peak 30 min cadence (steps/min)
Gardner44 2007	98 participants with intermittent claudication (IC), 129 healthy controls matched for age, gender, race; 50–90 years (64±12 years for control group and 66±12 years for IC group)	StepWatch 3, Cyma, Mountlake Terrace, Washington	1 week	IC 90.8±14.0* Healthy 99.0±13.6*	IC 52.4±17.0* Healthy 61.6±14.8*
Mudge48 2008	40 participants >6 months poststroke; 69.2±12.6 years	StepWatch Activity Monitor (Orthocare Innovations, Mountlake Terrace, Washington)	Two 3-day periods, separated by 1 week	81±25	58±22
Gardner49 2008	133 patients with intermittent claudication; 50–90 years (67±10 years)	StepWatch 3, Cyma, Mountlake Terrace, Washington	1 week	92.2±10.8*	56.6±14.6*
Gardner21 2010	40 men, 41 women with peripheral artery disease limited by IC; men 66.3±10.0 years, women 64.1±10.9 years	StepWatch 3 (Cyma, Mountlake Terrace, Washington)	1 week	Men 94.4±11.4^,† Women 86.2±11.4^†	Men 62±15.4^{, †} Women 52.6±15.4^{, †}
Mudge50 2010	30 healthy adults; 15 men, 15 women; 18–49 years (27.7±8.9 years)	StepWatch Activity Monitor (Orthocare Innovations, Mountlake Terrace, Washington)	Two 3-day periods, separated by 1 week	111.8±9.3	82.3±12.7
Parker51 2010	27 community-dwelling participants with lower limb amputations, fit with prostheses for >1 year; 20–89 years (55.2±15.8 years)	Step Activity Monitor (SAM)	1 week	NR	48.6±22.2
Tudor-Locke522012	3522 NHANES participants; 20+ years	ActiGraph 7164	1 week	Men 100.9 Women 100.5 20–29 years 106.6 30–59 years 104.3 60–69 years 94.2 70+ years 81.5	Men 73.7 Women 69.6 20–29 years 76.8 30–59 years 75.2 60–69 years 65.2 70+ years 52.6
Tudor-Locke252012	54 healthy adults; 20 men, 34 women; 20–36 years (26.4±4.6 years)	ActiGraph GT1M	1 week	NR	Total 81.5±25.9 Men 84.2±24.3 Women 79.9±27.0
Nguyen532012	183 patients with cardiopulmonary illnesses: 63 patients (mean age of 67.0±9.3 years) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 60 heart failure (60.5±10.8 years), and 60 implantable cardioverter defibrillator (55.4±11.6 years)	StepWatch 3 Activity Monitor (SAM)	1 week		Total 71±21 COPD 57±16 Heart failure 71±20 Cardiac dysrhythmias 85±18
Tudor-Locke232013	15 community-dwelling older adults; 7 men, 8 women; 61–81 years (70.86±9.16 years for men and 67.38±4.31 years for women)	ActiGraph GT3X+	1 week	Men 106.5±16.3 Women 96.7±19.7	Men 78.3±11.1 Women 67.9±26.0
Schuna 4* 2013	3725 NHANES participants; 1770 men, 1955 women; 20+ years	ActiGraph 7164 (ActiGraph, Pensacola, Florida)	1 week	Total 100.8±36.6† MVPA<150 min/wk 94.3±29.2† MVPA≥150 min/wk 105.3±31.2† UODA (Sit) 96.1±29.1† UODA (SWLC) 102.2±32.2† LTSB≥3 hours/day 97.4±39.7† LTSB<3 hours/day 104.4±29.5†	Total 71.6±42.7† MVPA<150 min/wk 64.0±25.0† MVPA≥150 min/wk 76.8±44.6† UODA (Sit) 65.9±35.0† UODA (SWLC) 73.3±37.5† LTSB≥3 hours/day 68.2±44.1† LTSB<3 hours/day 75.2±33.8†
Schuna54 2013	143 community-dwelling, participants with no dementia; 43 men, 100 women; 58–92 years (71.9±7.9 years)	ActiGraph GT3X+	1 week	NR	Total 63.6±24.6 Men 64.4±22.7 Women 63.3±25.5
Gardner22 2013	250 healthy subjects; 45 metabolic syndrome (MS) group; 205 control group; 10–30 years (17.9±5.5 years for control group and 17.2±5.5 years for MS group)	StepWatch 3, Orthocare Innovations, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma	1 week	Metabolic syndrome group 102.4±13.2* Control group 110±12.6*	MS group 72.4±15.8* Control group 81±16.8*
Gonzales55 2014	45 recreationally active young adults; 22 men, 23 women; 18–31 years (22±3 years)	ActiGraph GT3X+	1 week	NR	98±25
Gonzales56 2015	43 community-dwelling older adults; 18 men, 25 women; 60–78 years (67.3±5.3 years)	ActiGraph GT3X+	1 week	NR	Total 77.0±27.3 Men 76.8±25.0 Women 77.2±29.5
Kang28 2016	1282 NHANES participants; 646 men, 636 women; 17+ years	ActiGraph 7164	1 week	Total 100.2±18.6 Men 99.9±16.4 Wkdays 101.2±17.2 Wkend 96.6±18.7 Women 100.4±20.6 Wkdays 101.5±21.6 Wkend 97.6±22.8	Total 71.2±28.7 Men 72.7±26.6 Wkdays 74.4±27.8 Wkend 68.5±29.0 Women 69.7±30.7 Wkdays 71.3±32.2 Wkend 65.8±33.0
Gonzales56 2015	43 older adults; 19 men, 24 women; 60–78 years	ActiGraph GT3X+	1 week	Lower total daily step group (<7500 steps) 96.7±15.0 Higher total daily step group (>7500 steps) 123.1±16.8 Lower 1 min peak cadence group (<105 steps/min) 88.6±8.2 Higher 1 min peak cadence group (>105 steps/min) 121.5±14.4)	NR
Webber57 2017	70 older adults; 32 preoperative (11 men, 21 women, 69.9±5.3 years), 38 1-year postoperative participants with TKA (16 men, 22 women, 67.9±7.3 years)	ActiGraph GT3X+	1 week	Preoperative 70.0±23.7 Postoperative 91.5±20.6	Preoperative 35.9 (19.3)‡ Postoperative 55.6 (31.0)‡

Tudor-Locke et al (2012) did not report SD values in their original article.
*Converted from reported strides/min by multiplying by2.
†SD determined by converting from reported SEs for means.
‡Median (IQR).
LTSB, leisure time sedentary behaviour; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity; min/wk, minutes per week; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NR, not reported; sit, mostly sitting; SWLC, stand, walk, lift or carry; TKA, total knee arthroplasty; UODA, usual occupational/domestic activity; wkend, weekend; wkday, weekday.