Table 1

Diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome/labral injury: effectiveness of clinical tests and grading the quality of evidence. ‘Quality of evidence’ refers to the overall quality of evidence for either positive or negative likelihood ratios across studies, whereas ‘diagnostic effectiveness across studies’ shows the range of diagnostic effectiveness (and number of patients) for studies of a specific test

	Likelihood ratio	Quality of evidence	Diagnostic effectiveness across studies
	Likelihood ratio	Quality of evidence	High	Moderate	Low	Very low
FADIR test (pain provocation)
FAI syndrome/labral injury
Based on two meta-analyses (n=188 and n=319)13 and one cohort study (n=49)50	LR+=0.86–1.04	Low				n=556
	LR−=0.14–2.3	Very low		n=319	n=188	n=49
FAI syndrome
Based on nine cohort studies (n=693)45–49 51 52 63 67	LR+=1.00–3.30	Low			n=69	n=624
Based on nine cohort studies (n=693)45–49 51 52 63 67	LR−=0.09–0.83	Very low	n=35	n=94	n=364	n=200
Labral injury
Based on seven cohort studies (n=325)49 56 60 61 64 65 68	LR+=1.00–2.30	Very low			n=18	n=307
Based on seven cohort studies (n=325)49 56 60 61 64 65 68	LR−=0.06–0.76	Very low	n=127		n=124	n=74
F-IR test (pain provocation)
Labral injury
Based on one meta-analysis (n=27)13 and one cohort study (n=30)55	LR+=1.10–1.28	Very low				n=57
	LR−=0.15–0.23	Very low		n=27	n=30
FABER test (pain provocation)
FAI syndrome
Based on two cohort studies (n=138)45 52	LR+=0.79–0.87	Moderate				n=138
Based on two cohort studies (n=138)45 52	LR−=1.21–1.14	Moderate				n=138
FABER test (restricted ROM)
FAI syndrome
Based on two cohort studies (n=678)52 54	LR+=1.01–1.36	Moderate				n=678
Based on two cohort studies (n=678)52 54	LR−=0.41–0.93	Moderate			n=603	n=75
Internal rotation in neutral hip position (restrictedrange of motion)
FAI syndrome
Based on one cohort studies (n=63)45	LR+=4.83	Low			n=63
Based on one cohort studies (n=63)45	LR−=0.76	Moderate				n=63

The diagnostic effectiveness of the positive (LR+) and negative (LR) likelihood ratios are classified individually as: very low (LR+: 1–2; LR−: 0.5–1), low (LR+:>2–5; LR−: 0.2-<0.5), moderate (LR+:>5–10; LR−: 0.1–<0.2); high (LR+: >10; LR−: <0.1).
FABER, Flexion Abduction External Rotation; FADIR, Flexion Adduction Internal Rotation; FAI, femoroacetabular impingement; F-IR, Flexion Internal Rotation.