Normal range 16 and mean (SD) values of haematological indices and indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function before and immediately after five days of creatine or placebo ingestion followed by an eight week Cr or placebo maintenance regimen in the presence and absence of exercise training
| Crmaint+ex group | Crmaint group | Pmaint+ex group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical index | Normal range | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post |
| Measurement units for haematological indices and indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function; sodium (mmol/l), potassium (mmol/l), urea (mmol/l), creatinine (μmol/l), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT; U/l), alkaline phosphatase (AP; U/l), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; U/l), albumin (g/l), total bilirubin (μmol/l), creatine kinase (CK; U/l), haemoglobin (Hb; g/100 ml), white blood cells (WBC; ×109/l), platelets (×109/l). | |||||||
| *p<0.05 and †p<0.01 indicate significant differences between values before (Pre) and after (Post) supplementation within each group. | |||||||
| Sodium | 135–145 | 140 (2) | 139 (2) | 140 (2) | 140 (1) | 141 (2) | 140 (1) |
| Potassium | 3.5–5.0 | 3.9 (0.2) | 4.1 (0.2)† | 3.9 (0.2) | 4.1 (0.3)† | 3.9 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.2) |
| Urea | 2.5–7.0 | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.6 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.7) | 3.8 (0.4) | 4.3 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.8)† |
| Creatinine | 54–117 | 69 (6) | 86 (15)* | 68 (4) | 95 (17)* | 78 (9) | 72 (5) |
| GGT | 0–40 | 19 (5) | 21 (4) | 19 (5) | 20 (4) | 41 (54) | 31 (28) |
| AP | 30–110 | 52 (6) | 60 (12)† | 53 (8) | 55 (9) | 67 (18) | 64 (11) |
| ALT | 5–40 | 27 (4) | 22 (3) | 26 (4) | 21 (4)† | 30 (5) | 28 (9) |
| Albumin | 35–50 | 40 (2) | 43 (2)† | 40 (3) | 44 (3)† | 41 (3) | 43 (2) |
| Bilirubin | 5–17 | 10 (4) | 10 (2) | 9 (2) | 10 (2) | 12 (6) | 12 (2) |
| CK | up to 200 | 142 (149) | 142 (48) | 91 (59) | 91 (34) | 186 (194) | 198 (145) |
| Hb | 11.5–16.5 | 12.2 (1.0) | 12.2 (0.8) | 12.3 (1.1) | 12.8 (0.8) | 13.3 (1.0) | 13.2 (1.1) |
| WBC | 4.0–11.0 | 5.9 (0.6) | 6.2 (1.2) | 6.5 (1.3) | 6.8 (1.5) | 6.7 (1.4) | 6.0 (0.6) |
| Platelets | 150–400 | 244 (59) | 249 (58) | 268 (21) | 292 (59) | 274 (43) | 267 (70) |