Table 1

Comparison of impact tests for sporting protective headgear

	Cricket		Baseball	Ice hockey
BS, British standard; AS, Australian/New Zealand standard; NOCSAE, National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials; ISO, International Standards Organization; CSA, Canadian standards; GSI, Gadd severity index (GSI and SI are functions of headform acceleration); MEP, modular elastomeric profiler, a semirigid anvil.
Standard	BS 7928¹⁶	AS 4499¹⁷	NOCSAE¹⁸	ASTM – F1045¹⁹	ISO²⁰CSA 10256²¹
Impact test	Drop test of headform	Striker with ball (1.5 kg)	Ball fired at helmet	Drop test of headform	Drop test of headform
Impact energy	8.5 J	30 J	52 J	50 J	40 J
Anvil	Hemispherical	Striker dropped on to helmet	NOCSAE headform	MEP: flat, non-rigid	Flat, rigid
Assessment criterion	250 g	25% reduction in acceleration compared with bare headform test	Severity index (SI) <1500	275 g	275 g - CSA 300 g & Gadd <1500 –ISO