Group mean (SD) temporospatial, kinematic and kinetic parameters for which repeated-measures MANOVA showed differences (p<0.05) between conditions
| Barefoot | Minimalist | Racing flat | Regular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stride length (m) | 2.94 (0.29) | 3.00 (0.29)* | 3.01 (0.30)* | 3.04 (0.30)*,**,*** |
| Stride frequency (steps/min) | 187.74 (9.49) | 183.90 (7.8)* | 183.90 (8.6)* | 181.30 (8.1)*,**,*** |
| Joint angle (degree) | ||||
| Peak stance knee flex | 48.57 (3.4) | 50.67 (3.7)* | 50.67 (3.8)* | 50.97 (3.6)* |
| Ankle contact angle | 0.78 (8.4) | 4.52 (8.1)* | 4.25 (8.5)* | 5.31 (8.4)* |
| Peak stance ankle dorsifex | 24.94 (2.6) | 26.09 (3.1) | 26.33 (2.9)* | 27.51 (2.7)* |
| Ankle plantarflex toe-off | −10.91 (9.6) | −6.01 (8.4)* | −4.77 (9.5)* | −5.09 (9.3)* |
| Peak stance ankle add | −9.70 (2.5) | −9.37 (2.8) | −11.03 (3.3)*,** | −12.55 (3.0)*,** |
| Joint moment (Nm/kg/m) | ||||
| Knee ext | 1.72 (0.2) | 1.92 (0.2)* | 1.87 (0.2)* | 1.91 (0.2)* |
| Knee abd | 0.71 (0.2) | 0.80 (0.2)* | 0.77 (0.2)* | 0.81 (0.2)* |
| Ankle plantarflex | 1.85 (0.2) | 1.74 (0.2)* | 1.69 (0.2)* | 1.72 (0.3)* |
| Ankle inversion | 0.41 (0.2) | 0.35 (0.2)* | 0.33 (0.2)* | 0.34 (0.2) |
| Ankle internal rot | −0.13 (0.1) | −0.10 (0.1) | −0.07 (0.03)*,** | −0.05 (0.03)*,** |
| Joint power (W/kg) | ||||
| Knee power generation | 10.10 (2.5) | 11.20 (3.0)* | 11.03 (2.9)* | 11.13 (3.2) |
| Ankle power generation | 19.70 (3.6) | 17.03 (3.1)* | 16.63 (3.4)* | 16.98 (3.1)* |
| Ankle power absorption | −12.18 (3.6) | −10.96 (3.0)* | −11.18 (2.8)* | −11.75 (3.4) |
| Joint work (J/kg) | ||||
| Knee negative work | −0.63 (0.1) | −0.75 (0.2)* | −0.75 (0.2)* | −0.78 (0.2)* |
| Ankle positive work | 1.04 (0.2) | 0.87 (0.1)* | 0.84 (0.2)*,** | 0.84 (0.2)* |
*Significantly different to barefoot condition (p<0.05).
**Significantly different to minimalist condition (p<0.05).
***Significantly different to racing flat condition (p<0.05).
MANOVA, multivariate analysis of variance.