Table 4

Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LR) (95% CI), χ² and p value

Author	N	Test ↓	True positive	False positive	False negative	True negative	Diagnostic accuracy (%)*	Sensitivity	Specificity	LR+	LR−	χ²	p Value
Beumer et al26†	21‡	Anterior drawer	5	4	9	3	38.1	0.36	0.43	0.63	1.50	0.219	0.640
Beumer et al26†	21‡	Anterior drawer	5	4	9	3	38.1	(0.16 to 0.61)	(0.16 to 0.75)	(0.24 to 1.62)	(0.59 to 3.84)	0.219	0.640
		Cotton test	4	2	10	5	42.9	0.29	0.71	1.00	1.00	0.000	1.000
		Cotton test	4	2	10	5	42.9	(0.12 to 0.55)	(0.36 to 0.92)	(0.24 to 4.20)	(0.56 to 1.78)	0.000	1.000
		Dorsiflexion	7	3	7	4	52.4	0.50	0.57	1.17	0.88	0.000	1.000
		Dorsiflexion	7	3	7	4	52.4	(0.27 to 0.73)	(0.25 to 0.84)	(0.43 to 3.18)	(0.38 to 2.00)	0.000	1.000
		External rotation	7	7	7	0	33.3	0.50	0.00	0.50	N/A	3.241	0.072
		External rotation	7	7	7	0	33.3	(0.27 to 0.73)	(0 to 0.35)	(0.30 to 0.84)	N/A	3.241	0.072
		Fibula translation	9	3	5	4	61.9	0.64	0.57	1.50	0.63	0.219	0.640
		Fibula translation	9	3	5	4	61.9	(0.39 to 0.84)	(0.25 to 0.84)	(0.59 to 3.84)	(0.24 to 1.62)	0.219	0.640
		Squeeze test	8	6	6	1	42.9	0.57	0.14	0.67	3.00	0.670	0.413
		Squeeze test	8	6	6	1	42.9	(0.33 to 0.79)	(0.03 to 0.51)	(0.39 to 1.15)	(0.44 to 20.32)	0.670	0.413
Nussbaum et al16§	60	Squeeze test	1	22	0	37	63.3	1.00	0.63	2.68	N/A	0.059	0.809
Nussbaum et al16§	60	Squeeze test	1	22	0	37	63.3	(0.21 to 1)	(0.50 to 0.74)	(1.93 to 3.73)	N/A	0.059	0.809
		External rotation¶	1	59	0	0	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
		AITFL tenderness	1	59	0	0	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

*(True positive + true negative)/number of cases, as described by Portney and Watkins.41
†Arthroscopy was used as the reference standard.
‡Three people had arthroscopy and were clinically diagnosed by seven (blinded) assessors.
§x-Ray was used as the reference standard.
¶External rotation test performed in maximal passive dorsiflexion.
AITFL, anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament N/A, results were not able to be calculated.