Comparison of personal and family history responses in student athletes versus student non-athletes before and after review with a physician
| PPE-4 personal and family history | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total positive (%) before physician evaluation | Total positive (%) after physician evaluation | |||||
| Student athletes (1071) | Student non-athletes (268) | p Value | Student athletes (1071) | Student non-athletes (268) | p Value | |
| ≥1 Positive personal or family history response | 714 (67) | 202 (75) | <0.01 | 324 (30) | 114 (42) | <0.001 |
| Personal history questions | ||||||
| Have you ever had discomfort, pain, tightness or pressure in your chest during exercise? | 283 (26) | 94 (35) | <0.01 | 155 (14) | 61 (23) | <0.001 |
| Do you get light-headed or feel more short of breath than expected during exercise? | 245 (23) | 96 (36) | <0.0001 | 140 (13) | 68 (25) | <0.0001 |
| Do you get more tired or short of breath more quickly than your friends during exercise? | 185 (17) | 110 (41) | <0.0001 | 96 (9) | 69 (26) | <0.0001 |
| Have you ever passed out or nearly passed out DURING or AFTER exercise? | 131 (12) | 36 (13) | 0.59 | 100 (9) | 26 (10) | 0.85 |
| Does your heart ever race or skip beats (irregular beats) during exercise? | 106 (10) | 43 (16) | <0.01 | 68 (6) | 32 (12) | <0.01 |
| Has a doctor ever ordered a test for your heart? (For example, an ECG/EKG, echocardiogram) | 89 (8) | 27 (10) | 0.36 | 56 (5) | 23 (8.5) | 0.04 |
| Has a doctor ever told you that you have any heart problems? | 74 (7) | 25 (9) | 0.18 | 50 (5) | 20 (7.5) | 0.07 |
| Have you ever had an unexplained seizure? | 12 (1) | 7 (3) | 0.06 | 8 (0.75) | 5 (2) | 0.09 |
| Family history questions | ||||||
| Does anyone in your family have a heart problem, pacemaker or implanted defibrillator? | 261 (24) | 78 (29) | 0.11 | 118 (11) | 47 (17) | <0.01 |
| Has any family member or relative died of a heart problem or had any unexpected or unexplained sudden death before age 50 (including drowning, unexplained car accident or sudden infant death syndrome)? | 162 (15) | 49 (18) | 0.20 | 86 (8) | 32 (12) | 0.04 |
| Has anyone in your family had unexplained fainting, unexplained seizures or near drowning? | 95 (9) | 34 (13) | 0.06 | 53 (5) | 23 (8.5) | 0.02 |
| Does anyone in your family have a known cause of SCD? | 36 (3) | 10 (4) | 0.77 | 28 (3) | 8 (3) | 0.74 |
PPE-4, Pre-participation Physical Evaluation 4th Edition; SCD, sudden cardiac death.