Maxillofacial trauma in sport for different study types
| Sport | Study type | Author/number of participants | Sport-related maxillofacial/dental injury | Sampling frame | Mouthguard use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basketball | Injury or treatment audit | Deitch et al16 n=1145 | 1.2% National Basketball Association, 1% Womens National Basketball Association | 1996–2002 | Not reported |
| Epidemiological survey (self-reporting) | Azodo et al8 n=156 | 69.2% | Previous year (unclear) | Not reported | |
| Frontera et al20 n=388 | 50% | Any sport-related trauma to date | 1% | ||
| Ma25 n=77 | 42% | Any sport-related trauma to date | Not reported | ||
| Field hockey | Epidemiological survey (self-reporting) | Bolhuis et al10 n=279 | 62% | Self-report, ever been injured | 33% |
| Football | Epidemiological survey (oral examination) | Gay-Escoda21 n=30 | 23% | 2003–2006 | 0% |
| • | Randell31 n=34 | 26.5% | 1983 | Not reported | |
| Karate | Injury or treatment audit | McLatchie26 n=295 | 2% | 1975 | Not reported |
| Ice hockey | Epidemiological survey(oral examination) | Stuart et al36 n=282 | 14.2% all head and neck injuries | One season | Unclear |
| Injury or treatment audit | Kuzuhara et al23 n=94 | 13% of all injuries reported | 2002–2005 | Not reported | |
| Pettersson and Lorentzon30 n=376 | 2.2% all traumatic injuries | 1986–1990 | Not reported | ||
| Sane et al32 number unclear | 11.5% all traumatic injuries | Unclear | Not reported | ||
| Multisports games | Epidemiological survey (oral examination) | Andrade et al7 n=120 | 26.3% | Any sport-related trauma to date | Not reported |
| Rugby | Injury or treatment audit | Needleman et al1 n=278 | 17.6% athletes attending the clinic | 2012 Olympic games | 32.7% all athletes presenting with trauma |
| Sharma et al33 n=342 | 0.6% athletes attending the clinic | 2010 Commonwealth games | Not reported | ||
| Soler Badia et al34 n=266 | 1% athletes attending the clinic | 1992 Olympic Games | Not reported | ||
| Vougiouklakis et al38 n=658 | 3% athletes attending the clinic | 2004 Olympic and Paralympic games | Not reported | ||
| Yang et al39 n=795 | 0.4% athletes attending the clinic | 2008 Olympic games | Not reported | ||
| Epidemiological survey (self-reporting) | Needleman et al1 n=278 | 30% | Self-report, ever been injured | 98% all athletes | |
| Injury or treatment audit | Dorney17 n=25 | 52% | Unclear | 62% of all players who experienced trauma | |
| Epidemiological survey (self-reporting) | Chapman and Nasser12 n=102 | 26.9–42.3% | Any sport-related trauma to date | 79.2–84.6% | |
| Davies et al13 n=281 | 45% | Any sport-related trauma to date | 24% | ||
| Kay et al22 n=63 | 54% | Any sport-related trauma to date | 63% | ||
| Muller-Bolla et al28 n=1140 | 29.6% | Any sport-related trauma to date | 64% | ||
| Stokes and Chapman35 n=21 | 47.6% | Any sport-related trauma to date | 85.7 | ||
| Taekwondo | Injury or treatment audit | Beis et al9 n=2739 | 3 per 1000 athlete exposures (oral and facial) | 1994/1995 | Not reported |
| Wrestling | Epidemiological survey (oral examination) | Persson and Kiliaridis29 n=51 | 57.7% wrestlers 26.9% age-matched controls (non-athlete) | Unclear | Not reported |
| Wrestling | Injury or treatment audit | Faye et al18 n=125 | 63% | Any sport-related trauma to date | 0% |
Data is reported as proportion of athletes experiencing trauma unless described otherwise in the text. Data from audits and self-reported surveys describes incidence; data from epidemiological surveys with oral examination describes prevalence.