Cross-sectional studies | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author, Year | FAI group | Control group | Comparability between groups* | Impairment and/or activity limitation investigated | |
Asymptomatic with no FAI | Asymptomatic FAI | ||||
Tannast, 2007 | n=31 (all types FAI) | n=36 | None | ROM | |
27 (87%) males | 23 (64%) males | ||||
Mean±SD age=31.1±9.4 years | Mean±SD age=53.7±11.3 years | ||||
Recruited from outpatient clinic | Recruited from contralateral hip THR patients | ||||
Diagnosis based on: | Exclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographic criteria (not specified) ▸ Clinical criteria (not specified) | ▸ Radiographic OA > grade 1 ▸ Centre edge angle <25° ▸ CT measurements (α angle <50°; femoral retroversion) ▸ Symptomatic (history of hip pain) | ||||
Kubiak-Langer, 2007 | n=28 (all types FAI) | n=33 | None | ROM | |
24 (86%) males | 20 (61%) males | ||||
Mean±SD age=35.4±10.4 years | Mean±SD age=53±11.1 years | ||||
Recruited from outpatient clinic | Recruited from contralateral hip THR patients | ||||
Diagnosis based on: | Exclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographic criteria (not specified) ▸ Physical findings (positive impingement test) ▸ Symptoms (not specified) | ▸ Radiographic OA > grade 1 ▸ Centre edge angle <25° ▸ CT measurements (α angle <50°; femoral retroversion) ▸ Symptomatic (history of hip pain, or hip surgery) | ||||
Kennedy, 2009a | n=17 (Cam FAI) | n=14 | Age | ROM | |
10 (59%) males | 8 (57%) males | Gender | |||
Mean±SD age=35.5±10.6 years | Mean±SD age=34.2±9.5 years | BMI | |||
Recruited from NR | Recruited from NR | ||||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) (mean α angle >50.5°) ▸ Positive impingement test | ▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) (spherical femoral heads) ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of lower limb injury) | ||||
Kennedy, 2009b | n=17 (Cam FAI) | n=14 | Age | ROM | |
10 (59%) males | 8 (57%) males | Gender | |||
Mean±SD age=35.5±10.6 years | Mean±SD age=34.2±9.5 years | BMI | |||
Recruited from NR | Recruited from NR | ||||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) (mean α angle >50.5°) ▸ Positive impingement test | ▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) (spherical femoral heads) ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of lower limb injury, no hip pain) | ||||
Lamontagne, 2009 | n=15 (Cam FAI) | n=11 | Age | Squatting ability | |
9 (60%) males | 6 (55%) males | Gender | |||
Mean±SD age=35.3±9.1 years | Mean±SD age=34.5±10.1 years | BMI | ROM | ||
Recruited from NR | Recruited from NR | ||||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) (mean α angle >50.5°) ▸ Positive impingement test | ▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) (spherical femoral heads) ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of lower limb injury) | ||||
Nussbaumer, 2010 | n=15 (all types FAI) | n=15 | Age | ROM | |
8 (53%) males | 8 (53%) males | Gender | |||
Mean±SD age=35±11 years | Mean±SD age=34±10 years | ||||
Recruited from patients with FAI treated at institution | Recruited from employees of institution | ||||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographs (criteria not specified) ▸ Clinical tests (not specified) | ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of lower limb injury) | ||||
Casartelli, 2011 | n=22 (all types FAI) | n=22 | Age | Strength | |
8 (36%) males | 8 (36%) males | Gender | Neuromuscular activity | ||
Mean±SD age=32±9 years | Mean±SD age=32±9 years | BMI | |||
Recruited from patients with FAI scheduled for surgery | Recruited from NR | Activity level | |||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographs and MRI (criteria not specified) ▸ Clinical tests (not specified) | ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of lower limb injury, no hip pain) | ||||
Emara, 2011 | n=37 (all types FAI) | n=37 (contralateral limb of FAI group) | All (same participants) | ROM | |
27 (73%) males | 27 (73%) males | ||||
Mean±SD age=33±5 years | Mean±SD age=33±5 years | ||||
Recruited from hospital | Recruited from hospital | ||||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographs (A/P and frog lateral) (α angle <60°) ▸ Unilateral hip pain secondary to FAI ▸ Positive impingement test | ▸ Radiographs (A/P and frog lateral) (criteria not specified) ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of lower limb injury) ▸ Negative impingement test | ||||
Casartelli, 2012 | n=15 (all types FAI) | n=15 | Age | Fatigue | |
6 (40%) males | 6 (40%) males | Gender | Neuromuscular activity | ||
Mean±SD age=31±10 years | Mean±SD age=31±9 years | BMI | |||
Recruited from patients with FAI scheduled for surgery | Recruited from NR | Activity level | |||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Medical imaging diagnosis (criteria not specified) ▸ Clinical tests (not specified) | ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of lower limb injury, no hip pain) | ||||
Audenaert, 2012a | n=18 (Cam FAI) | n=12 | n=12 | Age | ROM |
18 (100%) males | 12 (100%) males | 12 (100%) males | Gender | ||
Mean±SD age=24.7±NR | Mean±SD age=23.1±NR | Mean±SD age=22.6±NR | Height | ||
Recruited from patients with FAI scheduled for surgery | Recruited from cohort of healthy volunteers | Recruited from cohort of healthy volunteers | Weight | ||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | Inclusion based on: | |||
▸ Radiographs and magnetic resonance arthrogram imaging ▸ α angle >55°; centre edge angle 28°–40° ▸ Typical signs of FAI confirmed during surgery (not specified) | ▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) ▸ α angle <50° ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of groin pain) ▸ Negative impingement test | ▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) ▸ α angle >55° ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of groin pain) ▸ Negative impingement test | |||
Audenaert, 2012b | n=10 (Cam FAI) | n=10 | n=10 | Age | ROM |
10 (100%) males | 10 (100%) males | 10 (100%) males | Gender | ||
Mean±SD age=NR | Mean±SD age=NR | Mean±SD age=NR | |||
Recruited from patients with FAI scheduled for surgery | Recruited from cohort of healthy volunteers | Recruited from cohort of healthy volunteers | |||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | Inclusion based on: | |||
▸ Radiographs ▸ α angle >55°; centre edge angle 28°–40° ▸ Typical signs of FAI confirmed with a CT scan | ▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) ▸ α angle <50° ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of groin pain) ▸ Negative impingement test | ▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) ▸ α angle >55° ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of groin pain) ▸ Negative impingement test | |||
Brisson, 2013 | n=10 (Cam FAI) | n=13 | Age | ROM | |
7 (70%) males | 8 (62%) males | Gender | |||
Mean±SD age=29.9±7.2 years | Mean±SD age=34.2±9.9 years | BMI | |||
Recruited from NR | Recruited from NR | ||||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) (mean α angle >50.5°) ▸ Positive impingement test | ▸ Radiographs (A/P and Dunn view) (spherical femoral heads) ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of lower limb injury, no hip pain) | ||||
Hunt, 2013 | n=30 (all types FAI) | n=30 | Age | ROM | |
25 (83%) males | 20 (67%) males | Gender | |||
Mean±SD age=35.5±10.6 years | Mean±SD age=34.2±9.5 years | ||||
Recruited from orthopaedic surgery | Recruited from university community | ||||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographs (A/P) (Pincer FAI: positive cross-over) ▸ MR arthrogram imaging (cam FAI: α angle) ▸ Positive impingement signs ▸ Presence of anterior groin pain | ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of lower limb injury, no hip pain) ▸ Negative impingement test | ||||
Rylander, 2013 | n=17 (all types FAI) | n=17 | Age | ROM | |
12 (71%) males | 12 (71%) males | Gender | |||
Mean±SD age=35.4±8.9 years | Mean±SD age=34.9±9.7 years | BMI | |||
Recruited from patients with FAI scheduled for surgery | Recruited from community | ||||
Diagnosis based on: | Inclusion based on: | ||||
▸ Radiographs and MRI ▸ Cam: mean α angle >54°; Pincer: centre edge angle >35° ▸ History and clinical examination (criteria not specified) | ▸ Asymptomatic (no history of lower limb injury, no hip pain) | ||||
*Features named as those that the groups were comparable on.
A/P, anteroposterior; BMI, body mass index; FAI, femoroacetabular impingement; NR, not reported; OA, osteoarthritis; ROM, range of motion; THP, total hip replacement.