Tc maximum control | Tc maximum cooling | ΔTc maximum | Tskin maximum control | Tskin maximum cooling | ΔTskin maximum | HR maximum control | HR maximum cooling | ΔHR maximum | Performance (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precooling | |||||||||||
Cooling packs | Castle et al18 | 39.1 | 38.4 | −0.7 | 36.9 | 36.4 | −0.5 | 179 | 181 | 2 | 4.3 |
Minett et al27 | 39.1 | 39.1 | 0 | 34.0 | 34.2 | 0.2 | 173 | 175 | 2 | 4.3 | |
Weighted average | 39.1 | 38.8 | −0.4 | 35.5 | 35.3 | −0.1 | 176 | 178 | 2 | 4.3 | |
Cooling vests | Arngrïmsson et al11 | 39.8 | 39.6 | −0.2 | 34.2 | 34.5 | 0.3 | 195 | 195 | 0 | 1.3 |
Castle et al18 | 39.1 | 38.9 | −0.2 | 36.9 | 36.6 | −0.3 | 179 | 184 | 5 | 1.5 | |
Duffield et al20 | 38.8 | 38.7 | −0.1 | 34.0 | 33.6 | −0.4 | NA | NA | NA | 2.4 | |
Duffield et al22 | 39.6 | 39.2 | −0.4 | 34.4 | 34.4 | 0 | 182 | 187 | 5 | 1.3 | |
Quod et al30 | 39.6 | 39.7 | 0.1 | 34.6 | 34.5 | −0.1 | 193 | 193 | 0 | 1.5 | |
Ückert et al36 | 38.8 | 38.4 | −0.4 | 35.6 | 35.1 | −0.5 | 192 | 190 | −2 | 7.3 | |
Weighted average | 39.3 | 39.1 | −0.2 | 35.0 | 34.8 | −0.2 | 188 | 190 | 2 | 3.4 | |
Cold water ingestion | Burdon et al43 | 38.7 | 38.7 | 0.0 | 33.4 | 33.3 | −0.1 | 165 | 168 | 3 | 10.5 |
Byrne et al37 | 38.6 | 38.1 | −0.5 | 35.4 | 35.1 | −0.3 | 190 | 189 | −1 | 2.9 | |
Ihsan et al39 | 38.8 | 39.1 | 0.3 | 35.6 | 35.8 | 0.2 | NA | NA | NA | 6.9 | |
Siegel et al6 | 39.5 | 39.8 | 0.3 | 35.7 | 35.5 | −0.2 | 188 | 189 | 1 | 12.8 | |
Stanley et al32 | 39.1 | 39.0 | −0.1 | NA | NA | NA | 191 | 191 | 0 | 1.9 | |
Stevens et al42 | 39.0 | 38.2 | −0.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2.8 | |
Weighted average | 39.0 | 38.8 | −0.1 | 35.0 | 34.9 | −0.1 | 184 | 184 | 1 | 6.3 | |
Mixed method cooling | Cotter et al19 | 38.9 | 38.5 | −0.4 | 35.9 | 35.1 | −0.8 | 178 | 177 | −1 | 15.2 |
Duffield et al22 | 39.6 | 39.0 | −0.6 | 34.4 | 34.0 | −0.4 | 182 | 187 | 5 | 8.3 | |
Duffield et al23 | 39.3 | 38.8 | −0.5 | NA | NA | NA | 162 | 146 | −16 | 7.7 | |
Duffield et al38 | 39.0 | 38.9 | −0.1 | 34.6 | 34.8 | 0.2 | 182 | 186 | 4 | 3.0 | |
Minett et al27 | 39.1 | 39.0 | −0.1 | 34.0 | 34.1 | 0.1 | 173 | 170 | −3 | 5.2 | |
Minett et al27 | 39.1 | 38.7 | −0.4 | 34.0 | 33.1 | −0.9 | 173 | 169 | −4 | 9.5 | |
Minett et al12 | 39.1 | 38.7 | −0.4 | 33.9 | 33.1 | −0.8 | 178 | 170 | −8 | 4.7 | |
Quod et al30 | 39.6 | 39.5 | −0.1 | 34.6 | 33.8 | −0.8 | 193 | 192 | −1 | 4.0 | |
Weighted average | 39.1 | 38.9 | −0.3 | 34.5 | 34.0 | −0.5 | 178 | 175 | −3 | 7.3 | |
Cold water immersion | Castle et al18 | 39.1 | 38.8 | −0.3 | 36.9 | 34.5 | −2.4 | 179 | 175 | −4 | −0.5 |
Duffield et al21 | 39.0 | 38.9 | −0.1 | 35.7 | 35.5 | −0.2 | 178 | 183 | 5 | 7.2 | |
Kay et al25 | 38.8 | 38.5 | −0.3 | 34.7 | 33.6 | −1.1 | 178 | 177 | −1 | 6.0 | |
Siegel et al31 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 0 | 35.7 | 35.3 | −0.4 | 188 | 190 | 2 | 21.6 | |
Skein et al41 | 38.9 | 38.7 | −0.2 | 31.5 | 33.1 | 1.6 | 180 | 182 | 2 | 2.4 | |
Weighted average | 39.1 | 38.9 | −0.2 | 34.9 | 34.4 | −0.5 | 181 | 181 | 1 | 6.5 | |
Total precooling | Weighted average | 39.1 | 38.9 | −0.2 | 34.9 | 34.5 | −0.3 | 181 | 181 | 0 | 5.7 |
Student t test | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.94 | ||||||||
Percooling | |||||||||||
Cooling packs | Hsu et al24 | 38.4 | 38.1 | −0.3 | NA | NA | NA | 159 | 161 | 2 | 6.6 |
Minitti et al28 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.4 | |
Scheadler et al40 | 39.2 | 39.4 | 0.2 | NA | NA | NA | 178 | 178 | 0 | −11.6 | |
Tyler et al35 | 39.3 | 39.1 | −0.1 | 35.0 | 35.6 | 0.6 | 186 | 188 | 2 | 5.1 | |
Tyler et al35 | 38.3 | 38.4 | 0.1 | 35.8 | 26.1 | −9.7 | 187 | 187 | 0 | 1.9 | |
Tyler et al33 | 39.2 | 39.7 | 0.5 | 35.6 | 27.6 | −8 | 181 | 178 | −3 | 7.0 | |
Tyler et al34 | 38.9 | 38.9 | 0 | 34.4 | 35.3 | 0.9 | 185 | 186 | 1 | 13.0 | |
Average | 38.9 | 38.9 | 0.1 | 35.2 | 31.2 | −4.1 | 179 | 180 | 0 | 3.9 | |
Cooling vest | Luomala et al26 | 38.9 | 39.1 | 0.2 | 34.5 | 34.7 | 0.2 | 174 | 178 | 4 | 20.4 |
Average | 38.9 | 39.1 | 0.2 | 34.5 | 34.7 | 0.2 | 174 | 178 | 4 | 20.4 | |
Cold water ingestion | Mündel et al29 | 38.7 | 38.4 | −0.3 | NA | NA | NA | 170 | 165 | −5 | 12.7 |
Average | 38.7 | 38.4 | −0.3 | NA | NA | NA | 170 | 165 | −5 | 12.7 | |
Total percooling | Average | 38.9 | 38.9 | 0.0 | 35.1 | 31.9 | −3.2 | 178 | 178 | 0 | 7.0 |
Student t test | 0.91 | 0.16 | 0.98 | ||||||||
Total of all studies | Average | 39.1 | 38.9 | −0.2 | 34.9 | 34.1 | −0.8 | 180 | 180 | 0 | 5.6 |
Student t test | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.97 |
Maximum, at the end of the exercise protocol.
HR, heart rate; NA, not available; Tc, core body temperature; Tskin, skin temperature.