Table 4

Univariable and multivariable association between baseline characteristics and persistent knee symptoms at 1-year follow-up of the patients receiving a GP diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome

Variable	Univariate 1 year (n=74)		Multivariate 1 year (n=74)
Variable	Pooled OR (95% CI)	Pooled Sig	Pooled OR (95% CI)	Pooled Sig	AUC
Patient characteristics					0.70
Age in years	1.0 (0.9 to 1.1)	0.98
Gender (men vs women)	1.2 (0.5 to 3.3)	0.69
Body mass index >25	2.3 (0.7 to 7.7)	0.19*
Low/middle education level	2.4 (0.8 to 6.8)	0.11*	2.5 (0.8 to 7.8)	0.12
Comorbidity skeletal system	0.8 (0.3 to 2.5)	0.75
Non-skeletal comorbidity	3.5 (0.7 to 17.9)	0.13*	3.4 (0.6 to 19.7)	0.17
Poor health (COOP-WONCA)	2.7 (0.7 to 11.0)	0.17*	3.7 (0.9 to 15.5)	0.09
Sports	0.4 (.01 to 1.5)	0.18*
Symptom characteristics					0.70
Duration >3 months	1.0 (0.4 to 2.8)	0.95
Recurrent symptoms	0.6 (0.2 to 1.7)	0.35
Bilateral symptoms	2.0 (0.7 to 5.6)	0.18*	2.6 (0.9 to 8.1)	0.09
Pain (11-point scale)	1.0 (0.8 to 1.2)	0.88
Self-report warm knee	1.3 (0.4 to 4.1)	0.63
Self-report swollen knee	2.6 (0.8 to 8.4)	0.12*	2.5 (0.7 to 9.2)	0.17
Self-report crepitus knee	1.0 (0.1 to 6.2)	0.95
Locking of the knee (Lysholm)	4.2 (0.9 to 20.3)	0.07*	3.9 (0.7 to 20.1)	0.11
Instability of the knee (Lysholm)	1.2 (0.4 to 3.2)	0.78
History of knee symptoms	1.9 (0.7 to 5.4)	0.23
WOMAC function	1.0 (0.9 to 1.0)	0.21
WOMAC pain	1.0 (0.9 to 1.0)	0.24
WOMAC stiffness	1.0 (0.9 to 1.0)	0.31
Patient and symptom characteristics					0.76
Low/middle education level			4.5 (1.2 to 16.4)	0.02
Poor health (COOP-WONCA)			4.7 (0.9 to 23.8)	0.06
Bilateral symptoms			3.4 (1.0 to 11.8)	0.05
Self-report swollen knee			4.9 (1.2 to 20.2)	0.03

*Selected in ≥3 out 5 imputed databases (p≤0.20).
AUC, area under the receiver operating curve; COOP, primary care cooperative information project; GP, general practitioner; WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; WONCA, world organization of family doctors.