Study characteristics
| First author, year of publication | Number of athletes (males %) | Age (mean±SD (range, in years) | Sports disciplines | Level | Hours of training per week | Previous years of training | Number of controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Helzberg, 201037 | 224 | 24 (18–36) | Football and baseball | Professional | |||
| van Buuren, 201363 | 291 (100) | 25.3±4.4 (18–39) | Handball | Top level athletes | |||
| Lively, 19995 | 596 (68.0) | 18.9 (17–25) | Mixed | Intercollegiate | |||
| Sofi, 200864 | 30 065 (78.4) | 30.7±14 (5–92) | Mixed | ? | 4–6 | ||
| Pelliccia, 201040 | 114 (78) | 22±4 | Endurance | Olympic | 28 | 16 | |
| Munoz, 200965 | 135 (41) | 20 (17–25) | Mixed | Intercollegiate, NCAA Division II | |||
| De Matos, 20116 | 623 (85) | NA (13–77) | Mixed | Professional and amateur | |||
| Berge, 201313 | 595 (100) | 25.1±4.5 (18–40) | Soccer | Professional soccer | 47 | ||
| Weiner, 201314 | 183 (100) | 19±1 (≥18) | Football and rowing | College | 8 | ||
| Tucker, 200929 | 504 (100) | 26.7 | Football | NFL | 1959 | ||
| Guo, 201334 | 261 (50.2) | 21 | Strength | Professional | 5–7 | ||
| Karpinos, 201318 | 636 (100) | 18.7±0.8 | Mixed | Mixed | |||
| Lewis, 198966 | 265 (83) | 19 (18–28) | Mixed | Intercollegiate | |||
| Corrado, 200623 | 42 386 | 12–35 | Mixed | Competitive | |||
| Thunenkotter, 201028 | 582 (100) | 26.8±4 | Football | FIFA World Cup 2006 | |||
| Wilson, 201259 | 1220 (100) | 22.6±6 (12–35) | Mixed | National | ≥6 | ||
| Gati, 201343 | 2533 (72.2) | 21.8±5.7 | Mixed | Regional to national | 19 | 9997 | |
| Zaidi, 201339 | 627 (69.9) | 21.5±5.0 (14–35) | Mixed | Regional to international | 20 | ||
| Riding, 201349 | 1175 | Arabic: 22.7±5.9, BA: 24.6±4.7, WA: 24.4±5.4. (13–40) | Mixed | High-level | ≥6 | 201 | |
| Di Luigi, 200467 | 32 652 (80) | 22.3±12.5 (5–84) | Mixed | Competitive | <10 | ||
| Magalski, 201168 | 964 (48) | 18–21 | Mixed | Mixed | |||
| Papadakis, 201141 | 2 745 (100) | NA (14–35) | Mixed | Regional to international | 13–15 | 119 | |
| Schmied, 201325 | 210 (100) | 18.6 (18–22) | Soccer | High-level, competitive soccer | |||
| Maron, 198769 | 501 (71.3) | 19.3 (17–30) | Mixed | Intercollegiate | |||
| Rontoyannis, 199827 | 188 (100) | 36.4±4.5 | Football referees | Greece football division A-D | |||
| Urhausen, 199670 | 135 (47.4) | ♂ 20.6±4.1, ♀ 21.5±3.4 | Rowing | National and regional level | |||
| Pelliccia, 200071 | 1 005 (74) | 23 (9–55) | Mixed | National team | 2–30 | ||
| Maskhulia, 200624 | 221 (100) | 22.8±0.3 (18–35) | Soccer | Highly trained | 5–26 | ||
| Caselli, 201142 | 434 (78) | 26±5 (15–45) | Mixed | Olympic | ≥3 | 98 | |
| Noseworthy, 201136 | 879 (62) | 18.4±0.8 | Mixed | Intercollegiate level | 7 | ||
| Varga-Pinter, 201145 | 3 697 (61) | 23.7±4.6 (19–40) | Mixed | Low to top level | 10–13 | ||
| Pougnet, 201272 | 200 (86) | 38 (19–57) | Diving | Professional | |||
| Schmied, 201273 | 1 047 (49) | 22±5.87 (13–64) | Mixed | Competitive | |||
| Zaidi, 201338 | 675 (80.6) | BA: 21.8±5.4, WA: 21.7±4.6 | Mixed | Regional to international | 17–20 | ||
| Berry, 194946 | 201 (100) | NA (16–47) | Mixed | Olympic | |||
| Andersen, 195648 | 326 (100) | 20–29 years: 208, 30–39 years: 118 | Mixed | Mixed and national level | 526 | ||
| Siegel, 199244 | 1 061 (100) | <20 years; 105, 20–29 years; 807, 30–39 years; 99, >40 years; 42 | Baseball | Professional and minor league | |||
| Douglas, 199730 | 140 (73) | 30±1 (18–39) | Triathlon | Ironman, Hawaii | 21 | ||
| D’Andrea, 200235 | 263 (60.5) | E: 28.1±4.2, S: 27.2±5.4 | Endurance and strength | Top competitive | 15–20 | 4 | |
| Abergel, 200474 | 286 (100) | 28.4±3.2 | Cycling | Professional | 52 | ||
| Sharwood, 200431 | 148 | Triathlon | Ironman, South Africa | ||||
| Maldonado, 200626 | 212 (100) | 20±5.7 | Soccer | Competitive | 15 | 2–25 | 211 |
| Babaee Bigi, 200722 | 100 (100) | 22.1±3.6 | Strength | Professional | 128 | ||
| Basavarajaiah, 200875 | 600 (100) | BA: 20.5±5.8, WA: 20.2±4.9. (14–35) | Mixed | National level | 14 | 150 | |
| Molina, 200816 | 183 (100) | 39±9 | Long distance running | Marathon runners | 305 | ||
| Miranda-Vilela, 200932 | 125 (60.8) | (15–67) | Long distance running | Trained athletes | |||
| D’Andrea, 201247 | 410 (70.7) | E: 28.7±10.7, S: 29.2±11.2. (18–40) | Endurance and strength | Elite | 15–20 | 4 | 240 |
| Pagourelias, 201376 | 108 (100) | E: 31.2±10.4, S: 27.4±5.7 | Endurance and strength | Moderately and highly trained | 15–17 | 10–11 | 26 |
| Vitarelli, 201377 | 105 | E: 28.7±10.7, S: 30.3±9.4, Mix: 29.4±9.8 | Endurance and strength | Competitive | 15 | 6 | 35 |
| Malhotra, 201153 | 1 473 (49.7) | ♂: 19±2, ♀: 19±2 | Mixed | NCAA Division I | |||
| Chandra, 201478 | 4081 (80.5) | 19.5±5.2 (14–35) | Mixed | Regional to international | 15 | 7764 |
The studies are presented in chronological order dependent on increasing cut-off values for hypertension.
♀, women; ♂, men; BA, black athletes; E, endurance; NCAA, National Collegiate Athletic Association; S, strength; WA, white athletes.