Table 2

Alphabetical list of common scapular physical examination tests

Test name(s)	Pathology	Lead author	Sensitivity	Specificity	+LR	−LR	QUADAS score
Scapular dyskinesis test	Shoulder pain	Tate8					10
	>3/10 shoulder pain		24	71	0.83	1.07
	>6/10 shoulder pain		21	72	0.75	1.10
Winging scapula	Shoulder pain	Struyf7	11	86	0.79	1.03	10
Tilting scapula	Shoulder pain	Struyf7	33	78	1.5	0.86	10
Kinetic medial rotation test	Shoulder pain	Struyf7	28	28	0.39	2.57	10
Lateral Scapular Slide test	Shoulder dysfunction	Odom34					8
1cm threshold
0° Abduction			35	48	0.67	1.35
45° Abduction			41	54	0.89	1.09
90° Abduction			43	56	0.98	1.02
1.5 cm threshold
0° Abduction			28	53	0.60	1.36
45° Abduction			50	58	1.19	0.86
90° Abduction			34	52	0.71	1.27
Lateral Scapular Slide Test	Shoulder pathology	Shadmehr6					7
1 cm threshold
0° Abduction			93–100	8–23	1.01–1.30	0.875–0
45° Abduction			90–93	4–23	0.94–1.21	2.5–0.30
90° Abduction			86–96	4–15	0.90–1.13	0.27–3.5
1.5 cm threshold
0° Abduction			90–96	12–26	1.02–1.3	0.15–0.83
45°			83–93	15–26	0.98–1.26	0.27–1.13
90°			80–90	4–19	0.83–1.11	0.52–5.0
Scapular Retraction Test (increased strength)	Scapular dyskinesis and decreased supraspinatus strength and one of the following: labral injury, glenohumeral instability or impingement	Kibler5	100	33	1.49	0	3
Scapular Reposition test	Shoulder impingement	Tate15					9
Increased strength	symptoms		26	70	0.87	1.06
Decreased pain			47		–	–
Scapular dyskinesis (Kibler pattern)	Acromioclavicular dislocation	Gumina4	71	NT	–	–	11
SICK scapula (Scapular malposition, Inferior medial border prominence, Coracoid pain and malposition and dysKinesis of scapular movement)	Acromioclavicular dislocation	Gumina4	41	NT	–	–	11
Winging scapula during rest	Trapezius myalgia	Juul36	13	83	0.76	1.05	9
Winging scapula during arm elevation			13	78	0.59	1.12
Winging scapula during arm elevation with a dumbbell			13	91	1.44	0.96

*Bias: high=score of <10/14; low=score of ≥10/14.
*95% CI were not reported.
1 cm and 1.5 thresholds are defined as a bilateral difference of greater than 1.0 or 1.5 cm in scapular distance measurements (inferior angle of scapula to the spinous process of the thoracic vertebra in the same horizontal plane) to define abnormal scapular asymmetry.
Degrees of abduction are in reference to the three test positions of the lateral scapular slide test whereby the patient is asked to position the shoulder in 0, 45 and 90 degrees of abduction.
AC, acromioclavicular; ER, external rotation; FTT, full thickness tear; OA, osteoarthritis; QUADAS, Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies; RC, rotator cuff; SLAP, superior labrum anterior to posterior.