Technical noteA new parametric approach for modeling hip forces during gait
Introduction
While hip forces have been measured in vivo with transducers in subjects with total hip replacements (THRs), they provide no information on muscle forces and are limited to evaluating only a few subjects. Analytical models, while noninvasive and easily applied to a large number of subjects, are primarily deterministic models (Anderson and Pandy, 2001; Crowninshield et al., 1978; Glitsch and Baumann, 1997; Heller et al., 2001; Komistek et al., 1998; Patriarco et al., 1981; Rohrle et al., 1984; Seireg and Arvikar, 1975; Simonsen et al., 1995). In contrast, the parametric model presented in this paper estimates the range of hip forces that results from variations in physiologically feasible muscle activation levels, which allows one to easily estimate natural biological variations in muscle and hip forces. This parametric model allows one to systematically assess the effect of different muscle force combinations on the hip forces. The objectives of this paper are to: describe the parametric model; assess the effect of antagonistic muscle activity on the peak forces in a subject with a THR; and compare modeled forces to in vivo data collected by others (Bergmann, 2001; Bergmann 2001, Bergmann 1993).
Section snippets
Methods
The parametric model predicts a range of hip forces at each time point of interest that results from different combinations of physiologically feasible muscle forces (Fig. 1). The external hip moments, intersegmental forces and joint angles as calculated during gait analysis (Andriacchi et al., 1997) are inputs to the model along with the maximum isometric moment and force of each hip muscle (Delp et al., 1990) and a template from published electromyographic data (University of California, 1953
Results
For the representative subject, a 10% increase in antagonist muscle force resulted in the mean peak forces increasing by . This was less than the potential variations in contact force due to the agonist muscle force distributions at a specified level of antagonist activity. For example in the absence of antagonistic muscle activity, the parametrically modeled peak forces varied by , with the first peak ranging between 2.35– (mean ) and the second peak ranging between
Discussion
The parametric model allows one to fully explore the effect of muscle force distributions on the hip forces subject only to physiological constraints and not predefined optimization criterion. Thus, the sensitivity of the hip forces to specific agonist or antagonist activation levels can be systematically evaluated.
The parametric model is ideal for studying how changes in electromyographic patterns, muscle strength, joint geometry and gait patterns affect hip forces. While for this application
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Whitaker Foundation. The authors thank Dr. Scott Delp for his valuable input on the musculoskeletal modeling and Sara Koehler for her assistance in developing the Tables and Figures.
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