ReviewEarly childhood physical activity, sedentary behaviors and psychosocial well-being: A systematic review
Introduction
Early childhood (i.e., birth through five years) is a crucial developmental period, during which foundations for health behaviors, such as physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) including television viewing, are formed (Birch and Fisher, 1998). Participation in PA and SB during early childhood is associated with biomedical health outcomes such as weight, bone health and CVD risk factors (Leblanc et al., 2012, Timmons et al., 2012), cognitive development, mental function, academic achievement (Singh et al., 2012, Tomporowski et al., 2008, Tomporowski et al., 2011) and psychosocial well-being (Lotan et al., 2005, Lubans et al., 2012) in young and older children and adolescents such that higher PA and lower SB support healthier outcomes.
Several countries now have PA and SB recommendations for early childhood. For instance, Canadian, Australian, UK and USA guidelines recommend children younger than school age capable of walking should accumulate 3 h of PA each day (Department of Health and Aging (DoHA), 2010, Department of Health Physical Activity Health Improvement and Protection, 2011, Tremblay et al., 2012a, Institute of Medicine, 2011). With respect to SB, children younger than 2 years are recommended to participate in no screen time (Canada/Australia/USA), while recommendations for children older than 2 who have not yet started school vary between less than 1 h (Canada/Australia) (Department of Health and Aging (DoHA), 2010, Tremblay et al., 2012b) and less than 2 h (USA) (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2011, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Public Education, 2001) per day. However, there is a lack of dose–response evidence available in the extant literature (Leblanc et al., 2012, Timmons et al., 2012).
Participation in recommended levels of PA and SB may also support psychosocial well-being in young children (Leblanc et al., 2012, Timmons et al., 2012). PA is bodily movement produced from the contraction of skeletal muscles which results in energy expenditure raised above the resting level (Caspersen et al., 1985). SB is any behavior performed in a sitting or lying position with energy expenditure ≤ 1.5 times resting levels (Sedentary Behaviour Research Network, 2012). Subjective well-being, primarily used in the psychological literature, includes the presence of positive and the absence of negative affect (Diener, 1984). However, well-being is a multifaceted construct in the broader health literature, yet lacks a clear definition or agreement upon its constructs or interpretation (de Chavez et al., 2005, Guerin, 2012). It has been used to capture constructs such as positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life, subjective well-being, and psychological well-being, as well as being used interchangeably with the terms quality of life and vitality (Guerin, 2012). For the purposes of this review, psychosocial well-being is considered to be the presence of higher levels of positive, and lower levels of adverse, psychological and social attributes and behaviors (e.g. social skills, physical aggression and attention problems; see psychosocial well-being search string in Table 1 for a complete list of terms used). The purpose of this definition is to assess a continuum of psychosocial well-being experienced by young children rather than identify clinical symptoms. More positive psychosocial well-being indicators in early childhood have been shown to be inversely associated with later depression, hostile behavior and aggressive interpersonal behavior (Jones et al., 2011, Meagher et al., 2009, Toumbourou et al., 2011), and may also support children's positive behavioral, social and academic outcomes during later childhood (McCabe and Altamura, 2011, Sanson et al., 2009). Therefore, supporting the development of healthy psychosocial well-being during early childhood is important for children's later development and mental health.
Previous reviews focusing on associations of PA and SB with aspects of psychosocial well-being have been reported for older children and adolescents (Costigan et al., 2013, Ekeland et al., 2004, Gapin et al., 2011) and adults (McAuley and Rudolph, 1995, Teychenne et al., 2008, Teychenne et al., 2010); however, none have been undertaken in the early childhood period. Associations of early childhood PA and SB with a broad range of health and developmental outcomes, including some indicators of psychosocial well-being, have previously been reviewed (Leblanc et al., 2012, Timmons et al., 2012). Those reviews reported a positive association between increased PA (Timmons et al., 2012), and an inverse association between increased TV viewing, and indicators of psychosocial health (Leblanc et al., 2012). However, the criteria for those reviews excluded cross-sectional investigations, which provide important epidemiological information particularly in an emerging field such as this. Additionally, those reviews included a very narrow range of psychosocial well-being terms. Specifically, the PA review (Timmons et al., 2012) included only six terms plus temperament, and the SB review (Leblanc et al., 2012) included only five terms plus personality, both of which are considered a trait rather than an indicator of psychosocial well-being. Therefore, those reviews potentially missed important outcomes (a total of 20 included in this review) as indicators of psychosocial well-being and subsequently included only a small number of studies (three PA (Timmons et al., 2012) and six SB (Leblanc et al., 2012)) from the wider body of literature in this field. By adopting a more inclusive definition of psychosocial well-being and a broader range of study designs, as this review does, a more comprehensive and thorough investigation of associations of PA and SB from a young age on this health outcome is possible. Additionally, those reviews incorporated various other health outcomes, such as obesity and bone health, limiting their ability to investigate psychosocial well-being outcomes in depth. Due to such limitations, those two reviews do not provide a comprehensive overview of the extant literature for studies focusing on PA, SB and psychosocial well-being. The purpose of this paper is to review both observational and intervention literature investigating potential associations between both PA and SB and children's psychosocial well-being during the early childhood period.
Section snippets
Search strategy & information sources
In February 2013 a systematic search for original research articles was conducted using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and Embase electronic databases. Four separate search strings relating to 1. physical activity, 2. sedentary behaviors, 3. early childhood and 4. psychosocial well-being were utilized. Table 1 provides the full search strategy for PsycINFO which was modified where necessary for the remaining databases. Reference lists of relevant studies and reviews were further examined, as
Results
In total, 16,484 citations (SPORTDiscus: 133; Medline: 4036; Embase: 9281; PsycINFO: 2440) were initially identified from the database searches and a further 466 from the authors' personal collections, totaling 16,950 titles (Fig. 1). Subsequently, 2256 duplicates and 2674 studies investigating special population groups such as those with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Prader–Willi Syndrome or Down Syndrome, were removed, leaving 12,020 titles for review. Subsequently, 821 studies were identified as
Discussion
This review synthesizes the literature on associations between PA and SB during early childhood with indicators of psychosocial well-being. There is a small but growing body of research in this area, evidenced by the increasing number of studies in recent years. Despite some individual studies reporting associations showing that increased PA or decreased SB may be supportive of children's psychosocial well-being, this review has found no consistent evidence across studies to support such
Conclusion
Given the lack of evidence of associations of PA and SB with psychosocial well-being, findings of this review suggest that it may be premature to promote PA and SB behaviors in public health programs targeting the early childhood population for their beneficial influence on psychosocial well-being alone. However, given the body of evidence in older children, adolescents and adults which is generally supportive of positive associations, further research is warranted in the early childhood
Conflict of interest statement
The authors report no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
TH is supported by an Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Research Fellowship. KDH is supported by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Career Development Award (CR 08M 3907). JS is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Principal Research Fellowship (APP1026216). KB is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Principal Research Fellowship (APP1042442).
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2021, Mental Health and Physical ActivityCitation Excerpt :Indeed, evidence for associations between PA and psychosocial well-being have been mixed. However, the review by Hinkley et al. (2014) found some evidence for beneficial associations between PA and psychosocial well-being. While the current study did not show significant associations between PA and internalising, prosocial behaviour or sociability subscales, interestingly, sociability was the only subscale to trend toward a beneficial association with LPA, a trend that requires further replication in these settings.