Best evidence for football and running

Among healthy individuals, the effects of recreational football training are more broad-spectred (more systems benefitted) and more pronounced than training modalities such as cycling, swimming, jogging, walking and strength training, suggesting that football may be a more powerful stimulus for health.3 ,5 ,7 A very recent systematic review on the health benefits of different sport disciplines for adults, published last month in BJSM, led Oja et al7 to conclude that: “Best evidence was found for football and running. These can especially improve cardiovascular and metabolic health”.7

The power of football for patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

It is both important and remarkable that for patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the benefits of football are even greater on key clinical measures than they are in the healthier cohort. Thus, twice-weekly football sessions over 24 weeks for men with hypertension led to a 151-to-139 mm Hg drop in systolic blood pressure and a 92-to-84 mm Hg decrease in diastolic blood pressure4 with three-quarters of the football group participants no longer hypertensive after the study. Likewise, just 12–15 weeks of football training lowered blood pressure by 12/6 and 8/7 mm Hg, respectively, for hypertensive women and men with type 2 diabetes.5 Such blood pressure reductions are more pronounced than those reported for other exercise interventions with hypertensive and patients with T2DM, and similar to or greater than the effects of medication.1

Along with marked improvements in cardiac function and cardiorespiratory fitness, the blood pressure reductions are likely to reduce patients’ high risk of cardiovascular diseases. In T2DM men, total and android fat mass was lowered by 1.7 kg and 13%, respectively, after 24 weeks of football training, and men and women aged 48–68 years with TDM2 lost 3.4 kg of fat, and achieved concomitant reductions in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides by combining 12 weeks of football with a calorie-reduced diet.5 Moreover, the hypertensive and patients with T2DM experienced improved functional capacity, had 10–12% increases in maximum oxygen uptake and marked effects on body composition after 12–24 weeks of football training.4–6 Another prominent example of the power of football for patients is that elderly men with prostate cancer in androgen deprivation therapy had elevated muscle strength (15%), sit-to-stand performance (8%) and muscle mass (0.7 kg) after 12 weeks of training.5

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION, SOCIAL INTERACTION AND LOW PERCEIVED EXERTION

People with NCDs are often not very active and are recommended to increase their level of physical activity. Some patients initiate endurance training or fitness centre training after being diagnosed, but many stop after a short period due to motivational problems. Thus, a significant challenge is to maintain a keen interest in physical activity. A significant finding in all the studies involving recreational football and other team sports is that the participants enjoyed themselves when playing.5 ,6 During football training, average heart rates are above 80% of maximal heart rate also in patients with hypertension, T2DM and prostate cancer.5 ,6 Importantly, despite the high heart rates during training, recreational football training had lower scores in perceived exertion in comparison with other activities, such as jogging, interval running and fitness training.3 Combined with positive social interaction and internal motivation, this may explain why participants adhere to training after ending the recreational football intervention studies.5

Wide implications—public health policy

These data should not be ignored by health policymakers around the globe.8 Recreational football is an effective, social and joyful, all-in-one type of training that can be used as a broad-spectrum non-pharmacological treatment for NCDs. Today, more than 400 million people regularly play football, and FIFA president Joseph Blatter and F-MARC chair Jiri Dvorak recently stated that football shows “great promise in changing the habits of untrained people all over the world, creating adherence to a physically active and healthier lifestyle”.8

FIFA plays a very active role in the implementation and promotion of Football for Health, but it also requires a considerable collaborative effort from governmental authorities, football federations and practitioners to make use of the information. These issues will be addressed at the 8th World Congress on Science and Football on 20–23 May 2015, in Copenhagen, where new results will be presented along with the new Danish concept of ‘Football Fitness’ for sedentary adults and FIFA's strategy for implementing ‘FIFA 11 for Health’, for school children in 100 countries.