The term basic life support (BLS) means maintaining an airway and supporting breathing and circulation without the use of equipment (except for a protective shield). It consists of: (a) initial assessment; (b) airway maintenance; (c) expired air ventilation; (d) chest compression.

Three quarters of all cardiac arrests occur out of hospital, and, when witnessed, up to 30% of patients who suffer out of hospital ventricular fibrillation arrests survive to leave hospital. Bystander initiated life support can double the number of people who survive the period before hospital admission. BLS skills once learned must be maintained.

The European guidelines describe a “sequence of actions”

• Ensure safety of rescuer and patient

• Check patient and see if he/she responds

  • Gently shake his/her shoulders and ask loudly: “are …