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Comparison of four alternative national universal anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programme implementation strategies to reduce secondary future medical costs
  1. Dion A Lewis1,
  2. Brent Kirkbride2,3,
  3. Christopher J Vertullo1,4,
  4. Louisa Gordon5,
  5. Tracy A Comans3,6
  1. 1 Knee Research Australia, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
  2. 2 Sydney Sport Medicine Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  3. 3 New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  4. 4 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
  5. 5 QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  6. 6 Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  1. Correspondence to Dr Dion A Lewis, Knee Research Australia, 8-10 Carrara Street, Benowa, QLD 4218, Australia; dionlewis{at}bigpond.com

Abstract

Background/aim Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common and devastating sporting injury. With or without ACL reconstruction, the risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and permanent disability later in life is markedly increased. While neuromuscular training programmes can prevent 50–80% of ACL injuries, no national implementation strategies exist in Australia. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of four alternative national universal ACL injury prevention programme implementation strategies to reduce future medical costs secondary to ACL injury.

Methods A Markov economic decision model was constructed to estimate the value in lifetime future medical costs prevented by implementing a national ACL prevention programme among four hypothetical cohorts: high-risk sport participants (HR) aged 12–25 years; HR 18–25 years; HR 12–17 years; all youths (ALL) 12–17 years.

Results Of the four programmes examined, the HR 12–25 programme provided the greatest value, averting US$693 of direct healthcare costs per person per lifetime or US$221 870 880 in total. Without training, 9.4% of this cohort will rupture their ACL and 16.8% will develop knee OA. Training prevents 3764 lifetime ACL ruptures per 100 000 individuals, a 40% reduction in ACL injuries. 842 lifetime cases of OA per 100 000 individuals and 584 TKRs per 100 000 are subsequently averted. Numbers needed to treat ranged from 27 for the HR 12–25 to 190 for the ALL 12–17.

Conclusions The HR 12–25 programme was the most effective implementation strategy. Estimation of the break-even cost of health expenditure savings will enable optimal future programme design, implementation and expenditure.

  • Anterior cruciate ligament
  • Injury prevention
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Neuromuscular
  • Public health

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Footnotes

  • Contributors DAL contributed to literature review, study design, data analysis, manuscript drafting and editing. BK involved in study design, model design, data input and analysis, drafting of methods and appendix and manuscript editing. CJV contributed to study supervision, study design, data analysis, and manuscript editing. LG contributed to study design and methods. TAC involved in study design, model design, data input and analysis, drafting of methods and appendix and manuscript editing.

  • Funding This research was funded by a grant from Knee Research Australia.

  • Competing interests None declared.

  • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.