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Abstract
Objective To synthesise the evidence on the effects of physical activity on symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adult populations.
Design Umbrella review.
Data sources Twelve electronic databases were searched for eligible studies published from inception to 1 January 2022.
Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials designed to increase physical activity in an adult population and that assessed depression, anxiety or psychological distress were eligible. Study selection was undertaken in duplicate by two independent reviewers.
Results Ninety-seven reviews (1039 trials and 128 119 participants) were included. Populations included healthy adults, people with mental health disorders and people with various chronic diseases. Most reviews (n=77) had a critically low A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews score. Physical activity had medium effects on depression (median effect size=−0.43, IQR=−0.66 to –0.27), anxiety (median effect size=−0.42, IQR=−0.66 to –0.26) and psychological distress (effect size=−0.60, 95% CI −0.78 to –0.42), compared with usual care across all populations. The largest benefits were seen in people with depression, HIV and kidney disease, in pregnant and postpartum women, and in healthy individuals. Higher intensity physical activity was associated with greater improvements in symptoms. Effectiveness of physical activity interventions diminished with longer duration interventions.
Conclusion and relevance Physical activity is highly beneficial for improving symptoms of depression, anxiety and distress across a wide range of adult populations, including the general population, people with diagnosed mental health disorders and people with chronic disease. Physical activity should be a mainstay approach in the management of depression, anxiety and psychological distress.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42021292710.
- depression
- anxiety
- physical activity
- exercise
- stress, physiological
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This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Twitter @bensinghphd
Correction notice This article has been corrected since it published Online First. The article type has been changed to systematic review.
Contributors BS, TO and CM conceived the idea for the review. BS, RC, DD, RV, AW, KS, EOC, TF, EE, AM and CEMS conducted search, study selection, data extraction and quality assessment. BS, TO and CM drafted the initial manuscript. RC, DD, RV, AW, KS, EOC, TF, EE, AM and CEMS contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Funding DD is supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Early Career Fellowship APP1162166 and by the Centre of Research Excellence in Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health funded by NHMRC APP1171981. AM is supported by the Centre of Research Excellence in Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health funded by NHMRC APP1171981. Dr Maher is supported by a Medical Research Future Fund Emerging Leader Grant (GNT1193862).
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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