Measures of mental health

Akkurt et al (2010)

Case series

Q1

SF-36 mental health component:

50.6 (22.1)

Cheung et al (2013)

Single group

Q2

SF-36 vitality:

58.9 (19.7)

SF-36 social function

80.6 (18.8)

SF-36 role emotional

62.3 (44)

SF-36 mental health

69.1 (15.1)

Eapen et al (2011)

Case series

Q1

SF-36 mental health component:

41.63 (6.5)

Haim et al (2013)

Single group

Q2

SF-36: vitality

50 (21)

SF-36: social function

76.3 (24.2)

SF-36: role emotional

69.4 (41.7)

SF-36: mental health

68.3 (15.9)

SF-36 mental health component

64.9 (19.2)

Kastelein et al (2014)

Single group

Q1

SF-36: vitality

66.7 (20.5)

SF-36: social function

53.1 (9.8)

SF-36: role emotional

94.4 (15.9)

SF-36: mental health

78.8 (15.6)

Kuru et al (2012)

Single group

Q2

SF-36: vitality

44.7 (8.7)

SF-36: social function

57.1 (43.0)

SF-36: role emotional

41.0 (14.1)

SF-36: mental health

39.5 (10.4)

SF-36 mental health component

43.2 (8.4)

Syme et al (2009)

Case series

Q3

SF-36: mental health component

46 (8)

Assa et al (2013)

Case-control

Q3

SF-36: vitality

53.9 (18.1)

71.5 (12.7)

SMD [95% CI]:

1.01 [-0.61 to 1.41]

SF-36: social function

76.5 (24.0)

97.1 (6.4)

SMD [95% CI]:

 0.93 [-0.53 to 1.32]

SF-36: role emotional

64.8 (42.1)

97.9 (8.3)

SMD [95% CI]:

0.85 [-0.46 to 1.25]

SF-36: mental health

69.1 (16.8)

79.4 (10.6)

SMD [95% CI]:

0.64 [-0.25 to 1.03]

SF-36: mental health component

65.9 (17.4)

85.5 (5.7)

SMD [95% CI]:

1.21 [-0.81 to 1.62]

Apivatagaroon et al (2016)

Single group

Q1

SF-36: vitality

57.4 (19.9)

Kujala:

47.6 (21.1)

r = 0.38, p = < 0.01

SF-36: social function

58.4 (21.2)

r = 0.25, p = < 0.05

SF-36: role emotional

61.7 (23.7)

r = 0.47, p = < 0.01

SF-36: mental health

61.7 (19.7)

r = 0.31, p = < 0.01

SF-36: mental health component

58.8 (17.3)

r = 0.41, p = < 0.01

Cheung et al (2012)

Single group

Q2

SF-36: vitality

61.8 (17.1)

Kujala:

86.4 (11.2)

r = 0.29, p = < 0.05

SF-36: social function

83.8 (15.9)

r = 0.22, NS

SF-36: role emotional

78.6 (36.3)

r = 0.13, NS

SF-36: mental health

72.8 (13.6)

r = 0.16, NS

Negahban et al (2012)

Single group

Q2

SF-36: vitality

58.4 (14.3)

Kujala:

67.6 (13.5)

r = 0.33, p = < 0.01

SF-36: social function

65.8 (30)

r = 0.37, p = < 0.01

SF-36: role emotional

45.3 (45.1)

r = 0.25, p = < 0.05

SF-36: mental health

63.8 (15.9)

r = 0.35, p = < 0.01

Negahban et al (2013)

Single group

Q3

SF-36: vitality

58.4 (14.3)

Functional Index Questionnaire:

9.7 (3.6)

r = 0.09, NS

SF-36: social function

65.8 (30)

r = 0.23, p = < 0.05

SF-36: role emotional

45.3 (45.1)

r = 0.01, NS

SF-36: mental health

63.8 (15.9)

r = 0.15, NS

Negahban et al (2013)

Single group

Q3

SF-36: vitality

58.4 (14.3)

Modified Functional Index Questionnaire:

33.8 (22)

r = - 0.21, p = < 0.05

SF-36: social function

65.8 (30)

r = - 0.22, p = < 0.05

SF-36: role emotional

45.3 (45.1)

r = - 0.08, NS

SF-36: mental health

63.8 (15.9)

r = - 0.20, p = < 0.05

Rathleff et al (2015)

Single group

Q4

EQ-5D: not anxious/depressed

106

EQ-5D: moderately anxious/depressed

14

EQ-5D: extremely anxious/depressed

1

Tan et al (2010)

Single group

Q4

EQ-5D: not anxious/depressed

113

EQ-5D: moderately anxious/depressed

16

EQ-5D: extremely anxious/depressed

1

Selfe et al (2016)

Single group

Q3

EQ-5D 5L not anxious/depressed

95

EQ-5D 5L slightly anxious/depressed

24

EQ-5D 5L moderately anxious/depressed

5

EQ-5D 5L severely anxious/depressed

4

EQ-5D 5L extremely anxious/depressed

1

Rathleff et al (2013)

Case-control

Q4

EQ-5D: not anxious/depressed (worried/sad/unhappy)

Frequency: 17

Frequency:

19

EQ-5D: moderately anxious/depressed (worried/sad/unhappy)

Frequency:

2

Frequency:

1

EQ-5D: extremely anxious/depressed (worried/sad/unhappy)

Frequency:

1

Frequency:

0

Doménech et al (2013)

Single group

Q2

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety

7.9 (4.7)

VAS;

6.9 (1.8)

r = 0.46 (p = <0.001)

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety

7.9 (4.7)

Lysholm scale:

47.7 (20.4)

r = 0.57 (p =<0.001)

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression

5.3 (4.5)

VAS;

6.9 (1.8)

r = 0.44 (p = <0.001)

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression

5.3 (4.5)

Lysholm scale:

47.7 (20.4)

r = - 0.61 (p =<0.001)

Domenech et al (2014)

Case series

Q2

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety

Initial:

8.5 (4.5)

 6 month follow up:

 5.2 (3.8)

VAS

initial:

7.7 (1.6)

 6 month follow up:

3.2 (2.6)

Change in anxiety/change in pain association:

B = NS

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety

Initial:

 8.5 (4.5)

6 month follow up:

5.2 (3.8)

Lysholm

initial: 43.9 (20.9)

6 month follow up:

73.5 (20.6)

Change in anxiety/change in function association:

B= -2.26 (95%CI: - 3.85 to -0.67)

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression

Initial:

5.7 (4.3)

6 month follow up:

2.8 (3.1)

VAS

 initial:

7.7 (1.6)

6 month follow up:

3.2 (2.6)

Change in depression/change in pain association:

B = NS

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression

Initial:

5.7 (4.3)

6 month follow up:

2.8 (3.1)

Lysholm initial: 43.9 (20.9)

6 month

follow up:

73.5 (20.6)

Change in depression/change in function association:

B = NS

Jensen et al (2005)

Case-control

Q3

Hopkins Symptom checklist-25

1.46 (0.47)

1.08 (0.18)

SMD [95% CI]

1.03 (0.43 to 1.64)

Jenson et al (2005)

Case-control

Q3

Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25

1.46 (0.47)

Cincinnati Knee Rating Scale = 57.6 (15.5)

r = 0.40 (p = ≤0.05)

Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25

1.46 (0.47)

VAS:

 24 (range 0-77)

r = 0.63 (p = ≤0.01)

Carlsson et al (1993)

Case-control

Q1

Karolinska Scales of Personality:

somatic anxiety

49.3 (8.5)

45.5 (5.9)

SMD [95% CI]

0.51 [- 0.18 to 1.19]

Karolinska Scales of Personality:

psychic anxiety

46.9 (11.2)

45.6 (9.3)

SMD [95% CI]

0.12 [-0.55 to 0.80]

Karolinska Scales of Personality:

muscular tension

48.7 (8.5)

44.2 (5.9)

SMD [95% CI]

0.60 [- 0.09 to 1.29]

Karolinska Scales of Personality:

psychasthenia

46.6 (9.9)

47.2 (11.1)

SMD [95% CI]

0.06 [0.62 to 0.73]

Karolinska Scales of Personality:

inhibition of aggression

46.2 (8.6)

46.9 (9.6)

SMD [95% CI]

0.07 [0.60 to 0.75]

Karolinska Scales of Personality:

verbal aggression

51.6 (7.00)

49.8 (8.5)

SMD [95% CI]

0.23 [- 0.45 to 0.09]

Karolinska Scales of Personality:

indirect aggression

54.7 (10.1)

53.8 (9.2)

SMD [95% CI]

0.09 [- 0.58 to 0.76]

Karolinska Scales of Personality:

irritability

49.1 (9.5)

45.9 (8.3)

SMD [95% CI]

0.35 [- 0.33 to 1.03]

Karolinska Scales of Personality:

suspicion

44.9 (10.4)

47.6 (7.6)

SMD [95% CI]

0.29 [0.39 to 0.97]

Karolinska Scales of Personality:

guilt

44.9 (11.1)

43.7 (12.5)

SMD [95% CI]

0.10 [- 0.57 to 0.77]

Piva et al (2009a)

Single group

Q4

Beck Anxiety Inventory

4.9 (6.7)

Numerical Pain Rating Scale:

3.8 (1.9)

r = 0.34 (p = ≤0.01)

Beck Anxiety Inventory

4.9 (6.7)

Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living;

66 (17)

r = 0.45 (p = ≤0.01)

Thomee et al (2002)

Single group

Q1

Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety

38.8 (11.0)

Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Anxiety

40.7 (12.1)

Measures of cognitive factors

Rathleff et al (2013)

Case-control

Q4

Pain Catastrophising Scale

Med (IQR)

15 (8-23)

Med(IQR)

5.5 (0-10.5)

MD [95% CI]: 7 (4.5 to 16) p = 0.003

Doménech et al (2013)

Single group

Q2

Pain Catastrophising Scale:

rumination

7.0 (4.3)

VAS;

6.9 (1.8)

r = 0.39 (p = <0.001)

Pain Catastrophising Scale:

magnification

3.9 (3.3)

r = - 0.41 (p = <0.001)

Pain Catastrophising Scale:

hopelessness

8.9 (6.6)

r = 0.46 (p = <0.001)

Pain Catastrophising Scale:

Total

19.3 (13.0)

r = 0.43 (p = <0.001)

Pain Catastrophising Scale:

rumination

7.0 (4.3)

Lysholm scale:

47.7 (20.4)

r = - 0.49 (p = <0.001)

Pain Catastrophising Scale:

magnification

3.9 (3.3)

r = - 0.47 (p = <0.001)

Pain Catastrophising Scale:

hopelessness

8.9 (6.6)

r = - 0.56 (p = <0.001)

Pain Catastrophising Scale:

Total

19.3 (13.0)

r = - 0.53 (p = <0.001)

Doménech et al (2014)

Single group

Q2

Pain Catastrophising Scale

Initial:

20.7 (13.1)

6 month follow up:

7.5 (10.2)

VAS:

Initial:

7.7 (1.6)

6 month follow up:

3.2 (2.6)

Change in Catastrophising/change in pain association:

B = 0.13 [95%CI = 0.09 to 0.17], p = 0.001

Pain Catastrophising Scale

Initial:

20.7 (13.1)

6 month follow up:

7.5 (10.2)

Lysholm

Initial:

43.9 (20.9)

6 month follow up

73.5 (20.6)

Change in Catastrophising/change in function association:

B = 0.92 [95%CI =

- 0.41 to 1.42], p = 0.001

Thomee et al (2002)

Single group

Q1

Coping Strategies Questionnaire: diverting attention

17.2 (7.5)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire: reinterpreting pain sensation

11.4 (6.7)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

ignoring pain sensations

18.9 (6.7)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

coping self-statements

23.1 (6.4)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

praying or hoping

15.7 (5.8)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

catastrophizing

13.4 (6.6)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

increasing activity level

17.5 (7.0)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

control pain

3.9 (1.3)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

decrease pain

3.1 (1.5)

Doménech et al (2013)

Single group

Q2

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Diverting attention

18.6 (6.8)

VAS:

6.9 (1.8)

r = 0.21

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Reinterpreting pain sensation

12.4 (7.9)

r = 0.18

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Ignoring pain sensation

17.5 (7.6)

r = 0.08

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Coping self-statements

21.5 (8.3)

r = 0.08

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Praying and hoping

18.5 (8.3)

r = 0.35 (p = <0.01)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Catastrophising

14.4 (9.2)

r = 0.48 (p = <0.001)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Increasing activity level

23.9 (6.7)

r = 0.01

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Diverting attention

18.6 (6.8)

Lysholm:

47.7 (20.4)

r = - 0.01

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Reinterpreting pain sensation

12.4 (7.9)

r = - 0.16

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Ignoring pain sensation

17.5 (7.6)

r = 0.06

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Coping self-statements

21.5 (8.3)

r = - 0.01

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Praying and hoping

18.5 (8.3)

r = - 0.38 (p = <0.001)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Catastrophising

14.4 (9.2)

r = - 0.59 (p = <0.001)

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Increasing activity level

23.9 (6.7)

r = 0.15

Doménech et al (2014)

Case series

Q2

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Diverting attention

Initial:

20.8 (6.5)

6 month follow up:

22.2 (6.7)

VAS:

 Initial:

7.7 (1.6)

6 month follow up:

3.2 (2.6)

Initial:

r = 0.02, p = NS

6 month follow up:

r = - 0.12, p = NS

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Reinterpreting pain sensation

Initial:

14.9 (6.6)

6 month follow up:

16.9 (7.7)

Initial:

r = - 0.02, p = NS

6 month follow up:

r = - 0.04, p = NS

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Ignoring pain sensation

Initial:

 19.7 (5.6)

6 month follow up:

23.6 (6.6)

Initial:

r = - 0.21, p = NS

6 month follow up:

r = - 0.25, p = NS

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Coping self-statements

Initial:

 24.3 (5.8)

6 month follow up:

24.3 (6.6)

Initial:

r = - 0.19, p = NS

6 month follow up:

r = 0.15, p = NS

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Praying and hoping

Initial:

 21.1 (7.2)

6 month follow up:

20 (7.1)

Initial:

r = 0.40, p = <0.001

6 month follow up:

r = 0.01, p = NS

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

catastrophising

Initial:

 18.2 (8.4)

6 month follow up:

11.3 (5.8)

Initial:

r = 0.48, p = <0.001

6 month follow up:

r = 0.50, p = <0.001

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Increasing activity level

Initial:

 26.1 (5.4)

6 month follow up:

28.7 (7.2)

Initial:

r = - 0.41, p = <0.001

6 month follow up:

r = - 0.26, p = NS

Doménech et al (2014)

Case series

Q2

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Diverting attention

Initial:

 24.3 (5.8)

6 month follow up:

24.3 (6.6)

Lysholm

 Initial:

 43.9 (20.9)

6 month follow up:

73.5 (20.6)

Initial:

r = 0.19, NS

6 month follow up:

r = 0.24, p = NS

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Reinterpreting pain sensation

Initial:

 24.3 (5.8)

6 month follow up:

24.3 (6.6)

Initial:

r = 0.12, NS

6 month follow up:

r = - 0.03, p = NS

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Ignoring pain sensation

Initial:

 24.3 (5.8)

6 month follow up:

24.3 (6.6)

Initial:

r = 0.44, p = <0.001

6 month follow up:

r = 0.28, p = NS

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Coping self-statements

Initial:

 24.3 (5.8)

6 month follow up:

24.3 (6.6)

Initial:

r = 0.25, p = NS

6 month follow up:

r = 0.02, p = NS

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Praying and hoping

Initial:

 24.3 (5.8)

6 month follow up:

24.3 (6.6)

Initial:

r = - 0.38, p = <0.001

6 month follow up:

r = 0.08, p = NS

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Catastrophising

Initial:

 24.3 (5.8)

6 month follow up:

24.3 (6.6)

Initial:

r = - 0.62, p = <0.001

6 month follow up:

r = - 0.50, p = <0.001

Coping Strategies Questionnaire:

Increasing activity level

Initial:

 24.3 (5.8)

6 month follow up:

24.3 (6.6)

Initial:

r = 0.33, p = <0.05

6 month follow up:

r = - 0.30, p = <0.05

Witvrouw et al (2000)

Case-control

Q3

Utrecht Coping List (UCL)/Amsterdam Beliefs Questionnaire (ABQ):

Neurotic unstable

58.96 (15.00)

60.44 (24.03)

SMD [95% CI]

0.06 [0.36 to 0.48]

UCL/ABQ: psychosomatic unstable

17.65 (3.39)

17.85 (4.99)

SMD [95% CI]

0.04 [0.38 to 0.46]

UCL/ABQ: extroversion

62.17 (13.30)

63.49 (14.69)

SMD [95% CI]

0.09 [0.33 to 0.51]

UCL/ABQ: active behaviour

17.33 (3.03)

18.49 (4.35)

SMD [95% CI]

0.27 [0.15 to 0.69]

UCL/ABQ: palliative reaction

16.96 (2.97)

18.32 (3.39)

SMD [95% CI]

0.40 [0.02 to 0.82]

UCL/ABQ: avoiding behaviour

15.75 (3.00)

15.75 (2.98)

SMD [95% CI]

0.06 [- 0.36 to 0.48]

UCL/ABQ: looking for social support

13.00 (4.34)

14.78 (3.91)

SMD [95% CI]

0.45 [- 0.03 to 0.87]

UCL/ABQ: passive reaction pattern

11.0 (2.59)

11.94 (3.27)

SMD [95% CI]

0.29 [0.13 to 0.71]

UCL/ABQ: expression of emotions

7.04 (1.6)

6.97 (1.51)

SMD [95% CI]

0.05 [- 0.37 to 0.46]

UCL/ABQ: reassuring thoughts

11.92 (1.91)

12.38 (2.42)

SMD [95% CI]

0.19 [- 0.23 to 0.61]

Measures of behavioural factors

Kastelein et al (2014)

Single group

Q1

Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia

31.6 (5.3)

Doménech et al (2013)

Single group

Q2

Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia

45.6 (6.9)

VAS;

6.9 (1.8)

 r = 0.26 (p = <0.01)

Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia

Lysholm scale:

47.7 (20.4)

r = -0.53 (p = <0.001)

Doménech et al (2014)

Case series

Q2

Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia

Initial:

45.2 (6.1)

6 month follow up:

41.1 (5.9)

VAS Initial:

7.7 (1.6)

6 month follow up:

3.2 (2.6)

Initial:

r = 0.35, p = <0.05

6 month follow up:

r = 0.35, p = <0.05

Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia

Lysholm Initial:

43.9 (20.9)

6 month follow up:

73.5 (20.6)

Initial:

r = - 0.55, p = <0.001

6 month follow up:

r = - 0.41, p = <0.001

Selhorst et al (2015)

Single group

Q3

Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire – Physical Activity

12.05 (5.57)

8 adolescents from a sample of 30 scored over the 15-point cut-off set in the trial

Piva et al (2009a)

Single group

Q4

Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire – Physical Activity

16.85 (4.8)

Numerical Pain Rating Scale:

3.8 (1.9)

r = 0.31 (p = ≤0.01)

Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire – Physical Activity

16.85 (4.8)

Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living:

66 (17)

r = -0.32 (p = ≤0.01)

Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire – Work

8.8 (9.1)

Numerical Pain Rating Scale:

3.8 (1.9)

r = 0.37 (p = ≤0.01)

Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire – Work

8.8 (9.1)

Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living:

66 (17)

r = -0.34 (p = ≤0.01)

Piva et al (2009b)

Single group

Q4

Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire – Physical Activity

Median (IQR)

Initial:

17.0 (15.0 – 20.0)

2-month follow up: 16.0 (11.0 – 18.0)

Median (IQR)

Numerical Pain Rating Scale initial:

3.7 (2.3-5.0)

2 month follow up:

 2.0 (1.0 – 4.3)

Change in fear avoidance beliefs about physical activity/change in pain association:

B = 0.46 [p = 0.000]

Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire – Physical Activity

Median (IQR)

Initial:

17.0 (15.0 – 20.0)

2 month follow up:

16.0 (11.0 – 18.0)

Median (IQR)

Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living initial:

71.4 (55.7–78.6)

2 month follow up:

 82.9 (67.1–91.4)

Change in fear avoidance beliefs about physical activity/change in function association:

B = - 0.45 [p = 0.000]

Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire – Work

Median (IQR)

Initial:

5.0 (0-11.0)

2 month follow up:

2.0 (0-10)

Median (IQR)

Numerical Pain Rating Scale initial:

3.7 (2.3-5.0)

2 month follow up:

2.0 (1.0 – 4.3)

Change in fear avoidance beliefs about work/change in pain association:

B = 0.34 [p = 0.010]

Carlsson et al (1993)

case-control

Q1

Carlsson dependency scale

20.1 (11.1)

19.2 (4.5)

SMD [95% CI]

0.10 [- 0.57 to 0.78]

Measures of Other psychological factors

Kastelein et al (2014)

Single group

Q1

Coop-Wonca Chart: feelings

1.7 (0.9)

Jensen et al (2005)

Case-control

Q3

Coop Wonca Chart: feelings

2 (1.17)

1.21 (0.51)

SMD [95% CI]

0.89 [0.30 to 1.49]

Selfe et al (2016)

Single group

Q3

WHODAS Q3 learning a new task

1.4 (0.8)

WHODAS Q5 emotional affect

1.9 (1.1)

WHODAS Q6 concentration

1.4 (0.8)

WHODAS Q10 dealing with people

1.1 (0.6)

WHODAS Q11 maintaining friendship

1.1 (0.5)

Carlsson et al (1993)

case-control

Q1

Carlsson’s Stress Scale

17.8 (9.9)

12.2 (4.0)

SMD [95% CI]

0.72 [0.03 to 1.42]

Carlsson et al (1993)

case-control

Q1

Schalling-Sifneos Alexythemia Scale-Revised

53.3 (5.5)

51.9 (6.0)

SMD [95% CI]

0.24 [- 0.44 to 0.91]