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It’s about time to exercise: development of the Exercise Participation Explained in Relation to Time (EXPERT) model
  1. Sean Healy1,
  2. Freda Patterson2,
  3. Stuart Biddle3,
  4. Dorothea Dumuid4,
  5. Ignace Glorieux5,
  6. Tim Olds4,
  7. Catherine Woods6,
  8. Adrian E Bauman7,8,
  9. Aleš Gába9,
  10. Matthew P Herring10,
  11. Kaja Kastelic11,12,
  12. Ugo Lachapelle13,
  13. Stella L Volpe14,
  14. Saška Benedičić Tomat15,
  15. Zeljko Pedisic16
  1. 1Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
  2. 2Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences & Department of Epidemiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
  3. 3Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
  4. 4Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
  5. 5Brussels Institute for Social and Population Studies - Research Unit TOR, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
  6. 6Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, Limerick, Ireland
  7. 7Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  8. 8Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  9. 9Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
  10. 10Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, Health Research Institute, and Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
  11. 11Andrej Marušič Institute, Department of Health Studies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
  12. 12InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
  13. 13Department of UrbanStudies and Tourism, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
  14. 14Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
  15. 15International Sport and Culture Association, Copenhagen, Denmark
  16. 16Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
  1. Correspondence to Dr Sean Healy; sean.healy{at}ul.ie

Abstract

A perceived ‘lack of time’ is consistently the most commonly reported barrier to exercise. However, the term fails to capture the multifaceted nature of time-related factors. Recognising the need for a more comprehensive analysis of ‘lack of time’ as a barrier to exercise, the aim of this study was to develop the exercise participation explained in relation to time (EXPERT) model. The model was developed through a sequential process including (1) an umbrella literature review of time as a barrier, determinant, and correlate of physical activity; (2) a targeted review of existing temporal models; (3) drafting the model and refining it via discussions between eight authors; (4) a three-round Delphi process with eight panel members; and (5) consultations with seven experts and potential end-users. The final EXPERT model includes 31 factors within four categories: (1) temporal needs and preferences for exercise (ie, when and how long does an individual need/want to exercise), (2) temporal autonomy for exercise (ie, autonomy in scheduling free time for exercise), (3) temporal conditions for exercise (ie, available time for exercise) and (4) temporal dimensions of exercise (ie, use of time for exercise). Definitions, examples and possible survey questions are presented for each factor. The EXPERT model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the multi-dimensional nature of ‘time’ as it relates to exercise participation. It moves beyond the simplistic notion of 'lack of time' and delves into the complexity of time allocation in the context of exercise. Empirical and cross-cultural validations of the model are warranted.

  • Exercise
  • Health promotion
  • Physical activity
  • Preventive Medicine
  • Sports medicine

https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108500

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    Footnotes

    • X @SeanHealy_, @alesgaba, @mph8, @@KastelicKaja, @Zeljko_Pedisic

    • Correction notice This article has been corrected since it published Online First. The title has been amended.

    • Contributors SH instigated the conceptual model development process and drafted the first version of the model. SH, FP, SB, DD, IG, TO, CW and ŽP participated in refining the model via discussions and a three-round Delphi process. AB, AG, MH, KK, UL and SV further refined the model via the consultation stage. SH drafted the manuscript, and all authors provided edits to the manuscript, with SH acting as the guarantor.

    • Funding Freda Patterson’s contribution was partially supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (2P20GM113125). Dorothea Dumuid is supported by an Australian Research Council fellowship (DE230101174).

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.