PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Silvano Zanuso
AU  - Massimo Sacchetti
AU  - Carl Johan Sundberg
AU  - Giorgio Orlando
AU  - Paolo Benvenuti
AU  - Stefano Balducci
TI  - Exercise in type 2 diabetes: genetic, metabolic and neuromuscular adaptations. A review of the evidence
AID  - 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096724
DP  - 2017 Nov 01
TA  - British Journal of Sports Medicine
PG  - 1533--1538
VI  - 51
IP  - 21
4099  - http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/21/1533.short
4100  - http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/21/1533.full
SO  - Br J Sports Med2017 Nov 01; 51
AB  - The biological responses to exercise training are complex, as almost all organs and systems are involved in interactions that result in a plethora of adaptations at the genetic, metabolic and neuromuscular levels.To provide the general practitioner and the sports medicine professionals with a basic understanding of the genetic, metabolic and neuromuscular adaptations at a cellular level that occur with aerobic and resistance exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes.For each of the three domains (genetic, metabolic and neuromuscular), the results of the major systematic reviews and original research published in relevant journals, indexed in PubMed, were selected. Owing to limitations of space, we focused primarily on the role of skeletal muscle, given its pivotal role in mediating adaptations at all levels.Generally, training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle are seen as changes in contractile proteins, mitochondrial function, metabolic regulation, intracellular signalling, transcriptional responses and neuromuscular modifications. The main adaptation with clinical relevance would include an improved oxidative capacity derived from aerobic training, in addition to neuromuscular remodelling derived from resistance training. Both training modalities improve insulin sensitivity and reduce cardiovascular risk.Taken together, the modifications that occur at the genetic, metabolic and neuromuscular levels, work correlatively to optimise substrate delivery, mitochondrial respiratory capacity and contractile function during exercise.