PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Kathrin Steffen
AU  - Benjamin Clarsen
AU  - Hilde Gjelsvik
AU  - Lars Haugvad
AU  - Anu Koivisto-Mørk
AU  - Roald Bahr
AU  - Hilde Moseby Berge
TI  - Illness and injury among Norwegian Para athletes over five consecutive Paralympic Summer and Winter Games cycles: prevailing high illness burden on the road from 2012 to 2020
AID  - 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104489
DP  - 2022 Feb 01
TA  - British Journal of Sports Medicine
PG  - 204--212
VI  - 56
IP  - 4
4099  - http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/56/4/204.short
4100  - http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/56/4/204.full
SO  - Br J Sports Med2022 Feb 01; 56
AB  - Objective To describe the illness and injury pattern of Norwegian Para athletes over five consecutive Paralympic Summer and Winter Games cycles and to identify which health problems should be targeted in risk management plans with respect to impairment types.Methods We monitored athletes from 12 to 18 months prior to each Game using a weekly online questionnaire (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center-H2 (OSTRC-H2)). We asked them to report all health problems they had experienced in the preceding 7 days, irrespective of their consequences on their sports participation or performance and whether they had sought medical attention.Results Between 2011 and 2020, 94 candidate athletes were included in this monitoring programme and prepared to represent Norway; of these, 66 (71%) were finally selected for multiple Paralympic Games. The overall response rate to the weekly questionnaires was 87%. At any given time during the five observation cycles, 37% of the athletes (95% CI 36% to 38%) reported having at least one health problem. Athletes with neurological impairments (n=51) lost 10 days per year due to respiratory problems (95% CI 9 to 11) compared with 9 days (8-10) among those with musculoskeletal impairments (n=37). Gastrointestinal problems caused a time loss of on average 4 days per year in athletes with neurological impairments versus 1 day in athletes with musculoskeletal impairments (mean difference 2.7 days, 2.1–3.3). Musculoskeletal injuries generated a high burden for both athlete groups, in particular, to the elbow, shoulder and lumbosacral regions.Conclusion At any given time, nearly two out of five elite Norwegian Para athletes reported at least one health problem. Respiratory tract and other infections; gastrointestinal problems, injuries to the shoulder, elbow and lumbosacral regions represented the greatest health burden. Our findings can help guide the allocation of clinical resources, which should include a broad network of medical specialists, together with dieticians and physiotherapists, to meet the health challenges in Para athletes.Data are available upon reasonable request. Request to access the data will be considered by the authors, within the constraints of privacy and consent.