PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - McDowell, M
AU  - Ciocco, M V
TI  - A controlled study on batted ball speed and available pitcher reaction time in slowpitch softball
AID  - 10.1136/bjsm.2004.012724
DP  - 2005 Apr 01
TA  - British Journal of Sports Medicine
PG  - 223--225
VI  - 39
IP  - 4
4099  - http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/39/4/223.short
4100  - http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/39/4/223.full
SO  - Br J Sports Med2005 Apr 01; 39
AB  - Objectives: To investigate safety risks in slowpitch softball by conducting laboratory and experimental studies on the performance of high tech softball bats with polyurethane softballs. To compare the results with the recommended safety standards. Methods: ASTM standard compression testing of seven softball models was conducted. Using these seven softball models, bat/ball impact testing was performed using seven adult male softball players and six high tech softball bat models to determine mean batted ball speeds. Over 500 bat/ball impact measurements were recorded and analysed. Available pitcher reaction time was calculated from the mean batted ball speed measurements. Results: According to the United States Specialty Sports Association and the Amateur Softball Association, the maximum initial batted ball speed should be 137.2 km/h, which corresponds to a minimum pitcher reaction time of 0.420 second. These experiments produced mean batted ball speeds of 134.0–159.7 km/h, which correspond to available pitcher reaction times of 0.409–0.361 second. Conclusion: The use of high tech softball bats with polyurethane softballs can result in batted ball speeds that exceed the recommended safety limits, which correspond to decreased available pitcher reaction times.