TY - JOUR T1 - The key to top-level endurance running performance: a unique example JF - British Journal of Sports Medicine JO - Br J Sports Med SP - 172 LP - 174 DO - 10.1136/bjsm.2007.040725 VL - 42 IS - 3 AU - Alejandro Lucia AU - Jesús Oliván AU - Jerónimo Bravo AU - Marta Gonzalez-Freire AU - Carl Foster Y1 - 2008/03/01 UR - http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/42/3/172.abstract N2 - Endurance running performance depends on a complex interplay of factors, including: (1) a high maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max); (2) the ability to sustain a high percentage of VO2max for long periods of time (fractional utilisation of VO2max); and (3) the ability to move efficiently (ie, "cost of running" or "running economy").1 2 Although VO2max and fractional utilisation of VO2max have been extensively studied as determinants of running performance, by comparison, running economy has been relatively ignored in the scientific literature, though it may be the critical factor determining endurance running performance.1 Differences amongst elite athletes in a variety of endurance sporting events other than running (particularly road cycling) have also been shown to be highly related to differences in economy (or efficiency).3 The physiological index of endurance performance that improved most in seven-time winner of the Tour de France Lance Armstrong as he matured from age 21 to 28 years was gross mechanical efficiency (+8%), whereas his VO2max remained relatively unchanged.4Black athletes of East African origin (Kenyans and Ethiopians) dominate most endurance running events, from the 5000 m track event to the marathon. Many of the best performances in these events have been achieved by Kenyans (49%) and Ethiopians (15%). In recent years, other African endurance runners (from South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and, more recently, Eritrea) have also attained excellent results in international competition. A lower cost of running, that is, better economy, has been demonstrated in some top-level East African runners5 6 and in runners from other parts of Africa compared to their Caucasian counterparts.7 This phenomenon could account, at least in part, for their superior competition performance.The Cross-Country World Championship provides an … ER -