Summary of significant and non-significant injury risk factors by quantity, quality and level of evidence
| Level of evidence | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | b | c | a | b: True experimental | b: Quasi experimental | b: Prospective cohort | b: Retrospective cohort | c | a | b: Case–control | c: Cross-sectional | |||||||||||
| Risk factor | SIG | NOT | SIG | NOT | SIG | NOT | SIG | NOT | SIG | NOT | SIG | NOT | Total | |||||||||
| Modifiable | Anthropometry | 3 (7–10) | 2 (8–10) | 5 (2–8) | 8 (6–8) | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
| LE alignment | 1 (11) | 1 (11) | 1 (5) | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| LE joint ROM | 2 (8–9) | 3 (7–10) | 2 (4–11) | 1 (11) | 4 (6–9) | 6 (2–9) | 18 | |||||||||||||||
| Lumbopelvic control | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 1 (9) | 1 (9) | 4 | |||||||||||||||||
| Aerobic capacity | 1 (16) | 1 (7) | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| LE flexibility | 1 (6) | 1 (11) | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| LE strength | 1 (10) | 1 (11) | 1 (11) | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Power | 1 (16) | 1 (10) | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance | 2 (10) | 1 (11) | 1 (8) | 1 (8) | 5 | |||||||||||||||||
| Stress | 1 (8) | 2 (6–7) | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Perfectionism | 1 (6) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Coping skills | 1 (12) | 1 (8) | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mood | 1 (7) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Eating attitudes, RDA | 1 (10) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 2 (6–9) | 2 (6–9) | 7 | ||||||||||||||||
| Vitamin D | 1 (7) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Alignment during plié | 1 (8) | 1 (11) | 1 (4) | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Jump landing | 3 (8–9) | 2 (8–9) | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Dance exposure | 2 (10–11) | 2 (10–11) | 1 (7) | 4 (2–8) | 6 (2–12) | 15 | ||||||||||||||||
| Footwear | 1 (3) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-modifiable | Age | 1 (9) | 3 (8–10) | 1 (11) | 2 (5–8) | 5 (2–12) | 12 | |||||||||||||||
| Sex | 1 (9) | 3 (8–11) | 1 (6) | 3 (5–12) | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
| Skeletal maturation | 1 (8) | 1 (8) | 1 (7) | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Menstrual health | 2 (10) | 2 (8–10) | 1 (11) | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Previous injury | 3 (6–10) | 2 (7–10) | 1 (11) | 1 (9) | 2 (7–9) | 9 | ||||||||||||||||
Cell values represent the number of studies for each risk factor (range of Downs and Black scores).
Levels of evidence are based on the modified OCEBM 2009 model. As per study exclusion criteria, systematic reviews (1a, 2a, 3a), case series (4) and opinion-based papers (5) were not included (shown in dark grey).
LE, lower extremity; NOT, not significant finding; OCEBM, Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine; RDA, recommended daily allowance; ROM, range of motion; SIG, significant finding.