Table 3

Effect sizes and 95% CIs for physical activity

Study	Patient-reported outcome	Hedges g	95% CI
Balance training
McKeon et al77	FADI-Sport	−1.11	−1.85 to −0.36
Schaefer and Sandrey68	FAAM-Sport	−1.43	−2.37 to −0.50
De Ridder et al70	FADI-Sport	−0.51	−1.00 to −0.02
Wright et al71	FAAM-Sport	−0.94	−1.60 to −0.29
Multimodal
Lee et al72	FADI-Sport	−24.29	−32.27 to −16.3
Collins et al74	FAAM-Sport	−0.48	−1.26 to 0.30
Collins et al—Sham74	FAAM-Sport	−0.73	−1.51 to 0.05
Schaefer et al—DBT/GISTM68	FAAM-Sport	−1.95	−2.89 to −1.02
Schaefer et al—DBT/GISTM—Sham68	FAAM-Sport	−1.65	−2.57 to −0.72
Salom-Moreno et al—TrP-DN75	FAAM-Sport	−1.47	−2.34 to −0.60
Salom-Moreno et al75	FAAM-Sport	−0.63	−1.39 to 0.13
Donovan et al—device51	FAAM-Sport	−1.61	−2.48 to −0.74
Donovan et al—no device51	FAAM-Sport	−1.33	−2.18 to −0.48
Joint mobilisation
Beazell et al (proximal)76	FAAM-Sport	0.03	−0.68 to 0.75
Beazell et al (distal)76	FAAM-Sport	−0.23	−0.94 to 0.49
Hoch et al43	FAAM-Sport	−0.98	−1.83 to −0.14
Gilbreath et al59	FAAM-Sport	−0.57	−1.43 to 0.28
McKeon and Wikstrom57	FAAM-Sport	−0.82	−1.47 to −0.18
Resistive training
Wright et al71	FAAM-Sport	−0.55	−1.18 to 0.08
Stretching
McKeon and Wikstrom57	FAAM-Sport	−0.40	−1.03 to 0.23
Soft-tissue mobilisation
McKeon and Wikstrom57	FAAM-Sport	−0.45	−1.08 to 0.19

DBT, dynamic balance training; FAAM, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure; FADI, Foot and Ankle Disability Index; GISTM, Graston instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilisation; TrP-DN, trigger-point dry needling.