Outcome measures presented within their allocated construct groupings. Information about the measure and who it was used by. Further information is provided in online supplementary file 2.
| Instrument | Constructs evaluated | Number of items; subscales | Score interpretation | Used by |
| Mental health measures | ||||
| 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Mental Health Component 72 | Generic mental health measure | 14 items; four subscales (vitality; social functioning; role emotional; mental health) | Each subscale 0–100. Higher score = better mental health | 24, 46, 23, 25, 40, 28, 29, 30, 47, 31, 32, 37 |
| EuroQol—5 Dimensions 3 Level73 | Generic quality of life measure | Five items; five subscales (only one related to mental health; anxiety/ depression) Three-level version: no problems; moderate problems; extreme problems. Five-level version: no problems; slight problems; moderate problems; severe problems; extreme problems. | 43, 42, 35, 38 | |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale74 | Anxiety and depression | 14 items; two subscales (anxiety and depression) | Each subscale 0–21. 0–7 = non-case 8–10 = possible case >10 = probable case | 27, 26 |
| Modified Karolinska Scales of Personality75 | Version featured in this review focused on anxiety | 10 scales (psychic anxiety; psychasthenia; low assertiveness; somatic anxiety; muscular tension; indirect aggression; verbal aggression; irritability; suspicion; guilt | Unable to determine | 44 |
| Hopkins Symptom Checklist – 25 items76 | Mental distress | 25 items; two = anxiety and depression | Each item 1 = not at all, to 4 = extremely Average score (1.00–4.00) calculated | 45 |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory77 | Anxiety | 21 items | Each item 0–3 giving overall score 0–63 Higher scores mean more anxiety | 33 |
| Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory78 | Anxiety | 40 items; two = current state of anxiety (S-anxiety). Stable, trait aspect of anxiety (T-anxiety) | Each item 1–4 Scores added with higher scores indicating greater anxiety | 39 |
| Cognitive measures | ||||
| Pain Catastrophising Scale 79 | Catastrophising | 13 items; three subscales (rumination, magnification and helplessness) | Each item 0 = not at all, to 4 = all the time Higher overall score means higher levels of catastrophising | 27, 26, 43 |
| Coping Strategies Questionnaire80 | Coping strategies | 48 items; eight subscales (diverting attention, reinterpreting pain sensations, catastrophising, ignoring sensations, praying and hoping, coping self-statements, increased behaviour activities) | Each item 0 = no control, to 6 = complete control | 27, 26, 39 |
| Utrecht Coping List81 | Coping strategies | 44 items; seven subscales (active tackling, seeking social support, palliative reacting, avoiding, passive reacting, reassuring thoughts, expression of emotions | Unable to determine | 41 |
| Amsterdam Biographic Questionnaire82 | Unable to determine | Unable to determine | Unable to determine | 41 |
| Behavioural measures | ||||
| Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia71 | Fear of movement | 17 items | Each item 0 to 4 Higher net score = increased fear of movement | 27, 26, 30 |
| Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire83 | Fear-avoidance beliefs | 16 items; two subscales (physical activity and work) | Each item 0 to 6 Higher net score = increased fear-avoidance beliefs | 33, 34, 36 |
| Carlsson’s Dependency Scale47 | Dependency | No instrument information available | 44 | |
| Other related measures | ||||
| Coop-Wonca Chart84 | Generic quality of life measure | Six items; only one related to psychological function (feelings) | 1 to 5 Higher score = more emotional problems | 45, 30 |
| Schalling-Sifneos Alexithymia Scale85 | Alexithymia | 20 items | Each item answered yes or no | 44 |
| Carlsson’s Stress Scale47 | Stress | No instrument information available | 44 | |
| WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 86 | Overall function (psychological and physical) | 12 items; 6 domains. 1 directly related to psychological function (cognition) | Each item 0 to 4 Higher score = more difficulty | 35 |