Associations between sports participation and CVD mortality in adults aged ≥30 years (excluding those with CVD at baseline, n=75 014)
| Median age at death | Events/n | Model 1* HR (95% CI) | Model 2† HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cycling ‡ | ||||
| None | 76.0 | 1818/67 261 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 69.0 | 91/7753 | 0.78 (0.63 to 0.97) | 0.93 (0.76 to 1.16) |
| p value | 0.023 | 0.533 | ||
| Swimming | ||||
| None | 76.1 | 1837/64 486 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 69.0 | 72/10 528 | 0.48 (0.37 to 0.60) | 0.59 (0.46 to 0.75) |
| p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Running§ | ||||
| None | 76.0 | 1896/71 026 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 56.0 | 13/3988 | 0.55 (0.32 to 0.93) | 0.81 (0.47 to 1.39) |
| p Value | 0.026 | 0.451 | ||
| Football¶ | ||||
| None | 76.0 | 1899/72 558 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 54.0 | 10/2456 | 0.74 (0.41 to 1.35) | 0.90 (0.49 to 1.64) |
| p value | 0.325 | 0.736 | ||
| Racquet sports** | ||||
| None | 76.0 | 1900/72 131 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 66.0 | 9/2883 | 0.32 (0.17 to 0.60) | 0.44 (0.24 to 0.83) |
| p value | <0.001 | 0.011 | ||
| Aerobic†† | ||||
| None | 76.0 | 1878/70 011 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 73.0 | 31/5003 | 0.52 (0.36 to 0.74) | 0.64 (0.45 to 0.92) |
| p value | <0.001 | 0.015 | ||
*Model adjusted for age and sex.
†Model also adjusted for long-standing illness, alcohol drinking frequency, psychological distress (GHQ score), BMI, smoking status, education level, doctor-diagnosed cardiovascular disease (IHD, angina, stroke) or cancer, and weekly volume of other physical activity (MET-hours, excluding the volume of the sport that was the main exposure in the corresponding model).
‡For any purpose.
§Running/jogging.
¶Football/rugby.
**Badminton/tennis/squash.
††Aerobics/keep fit/gymnastics/dance for fitness.
BMI, body mass index; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; MET, metabolic equivalent.