Characteristics of case–control studies included
| Author | Sex | Age (years) | Case sample (N) | Case BMI (kg/m2) | Control sample (N) | Control BMI (kg/m2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adolescents with PFP | ||||||
| Patil et al25 | Mixed | 15.8±2.5 | 20 | 20.9±1.9 | 17 | 22.1±3.3 |
| Rathleff et al26 | Female | 17.2 (17–18) | 57 | 20.0±1.9 | 29 | 20.8±3.3 |
| Adults with PFP | ||||||
| Aminaka et al27 | Mixed | 20.3±1.9 | 20 | 24.8±3.6 | 20 | 24.0±2.5 |
| Baldon et al28 | Females | 22.9±5.2 | 10 | 22.4±3.6 | 10 | 21.2±2.5 |
| Bazett-Jones et al29 | Mixed | 26.0±5.5 | 19 | 22.3±3.6 | 19 | 23.2±2.5 |
| Besier et al30 | Females | 28.8±4.7 | 16 | 22.2±3.6 | 8 | 21.2±2.5 |
| Males | 27.2±3.0 | 11 | 22.9±3.6 | 8 | 23.2±2.5 | |
| Boling et al31 | Mixed | 24.0±6.0 | 14 | 25.4±3.6 | 14 | 24.8±2.5 |
| Callaghan et al32 | Mixed | 34.4±11.5 | 57 | 26.0±5.2 | 10 | 23.6±3.2 |
| Caylor et al33 | Mixed | 23.0±NR | 50 | 23.5±3.6 | 20 | 22.4±2.5 |
| Chiu et al34 | Mixed | 34.3±9.8 | 9 | 23.1±3.6 | 6 | 21.1±2.5 |
| Crossley et al35 | Mixed | 28.0±8.0 | 48 | 23.9±4.0 | 18 | 22.2±2.7 |
| Dierks et al36 | Mixed | 24.1±7.4 | 20 | 22.5±3.6 | 20 | 21.8±2.5 |
| Draper et al37 | Females | 28.0±5.0 | 22 | 22.0±3.6 | 8 | 18.1±2.5 |
| Males | 30.0±4.0 | 12 | 23.4±3.6 | 8 | 22.7±2.5 | |
| Duffey et al38 | Mixed | 36.0±1.0 | 99 | 23.3±3.0 | 70 | 22.9±2.5 |
| Ferber et al39 | Mixed | 35.2±12.2 | 15 | 25.4±3.6 | 10 | 24.4±2.5 |
| Jensen et al40 | Mixed | 31.2±NR | 91 | 25.8±5.5 | 23 | 23.4±2.0 |
| Joensen et al41 | Mixed | 22.3±NR | 24 | 23.0±1.9 | 17 | 22.2±2.5 |
| Laprade et al42 | Mixed | 30.8±8.5 | 33 | 25.4±3.6 | 33 | 23.9±2.5 |
| Livingston et al43 | Females | 25.7±2.5 | 14 | 22.7±3.6 | 24 | 24.0±2.5 |
| Males | 28.9±2.9 | 11 | 26.1±3.6 | 26 | 25.6±2.5 | |
| McClinton et al44 | Mixed | 29.5±10 | 20 | 25.4±3.6 | 20 | 26.6±2.5 |
| McMoreland et al45 | Females | 23.0 (19.0–31.0) | 12 | 22.8±3.6 | 12 | 23.0±2.5 |
| Nakagawa et al46 | Females | 22.3±3.1 | 20 | 22.2±3.6 | 20 | 22.4±2.5 |
| Males | 24.2±4.4 | 20 | 23.8±3.6 | 20 | 24.1±2.5 | |
| Naslund et al47 | Females | 30.0±9.0 | 13 | 23.0±2.0 | 18 | 24.0±2.0 |
| Males | 37.0±12.0 | 9 | 25.0±4.0 | 18 | 27.0±3.0 | |
| Ott et al48 | Mixed | 20.9±1.3 | 20 | 24.1±3.6 | 20 | 23.2±2.5 |
| Owings et al49 | Females | 33.7±6.9 | 12 | 25.1±3.6 | 4 | 25.6±2.5 |
| Males | 29.1±10.7 | 8 | 28.8±3.6 | 10 | 23.4±2.5 | |
| Piva et al50 | Mixed | 25.8±6.0 | 30 | 26.6±3.6 | 30 | 23.5±2.5 |
| Powers et al51 | Females | 25.6±7.1 | 26 | 23.5±3.6 | 19 | 21.7±2.5 |
| Saad et al52 | Females | 23.2±2.3 | 15 | 22.9±3.6 | 15 | 20.9±2.5 |
| Sacco et al53 | Mixed | 30.8±8.8 | 6 | 23.0±3.2 | 5 | 24.6±2.8 |
| Souza et al54 | Females | 27.0±6.0 | 19 | 22.7±3.6 | 19 | 22.3±2.5 |
| Stefanyshyn et al55 | Mixed | 34.6±9.8 | 20 | 23.1±3.6 | 20 | 22.6±2.5 |
| Thomee et al56 | Females | 20.3±3.0 | 40 | 22.4±3.6 | 20 | 21.6±2.5 |
| Tuncyurek et al57 | Mixed | 36.8±14.0 | 23 | 25.7±4.3 | 9 | 21.8±4.0 |
| Willson et al58 | Females | 23.3±3.1 | 20 | 22.3±3.6 | 20 | 22.2±2.5 |
| Wilson et al59 | Mixed | 30.2±12.5 | 9 | 24.4±3.6 | 10 | 22.7±2.5 |
| Adults with PFOA | ||||||
| Crossley et al60 | Mixed | 58.0±10.0 | 60 | 27.5±3.7 | 33 | 24.1±3.4 |
| Farrokhi et al61 | Mixed | 64.7±3.0 | 134 | 31.9±6.7 | 33 | 28.1±4.2 |
| Hoglund et al62 | Mixed | 52.0±7.5 | 8 | 27.5±3.7 | 7 | 24.1±3.4 |
| Pohl et al63 | Mixed | 55.0±9.0 | 15 | 26.4±3.7 | 15 | 25.0±3.5 |
Some studies reported data for males and females separately. Besier et al had two groups—females and males. Draper, Livingston, Nakagawa, Naslund, Owings all had two groups. Data are reported as mean±SD or mean (range).
BMI, body mass index; NR, not reported.