Characteristic |
Biceps tenodesis (n=39) |
Sham surgery (n=39) |
Labral repair (n=40) |
Age (years), median (range) | 40 (18 to 64) | 40 (23 to 60) | 42 (22 to 57) |
Female sex, n (%) | 15 (38.5) | 17 (42.5) | 15 (37.5) |
Body mass index† | 27.6 (5.6) | 26.1 (3.8) | 26.4 (4.3) |
University education, n (%) | 18 (48.6) | 23 (59.0) | 22 (56.4) |
Manual labour, n (%)‡ | 19 (48.7) | 11 (28.2) | 17 (42.5) |
Physical activity, n (%)§ | 18 (47.2) | 21 (56.4) | 28 (70.0) |
No training | 22 (55.0) | 17 (42.5) | 12 (30.0) |
Frequent physical activity | 17 (42.5) | 17 (42.5) | 27 (67.5) |
Competitive | 1 (2.5) | 5 (12.5) | 1 (2.5) |
Taking analgesics daily or weekly, n (%) | 7 (17.9) | 5 (12.8) | 6 (15.0) |
Duration of pain, month median (IQR) | 24 (59) | 26 (61) | 24 (47) |
Dominant shoulder involved, n (%) | 28 (71.8) | 33 (84.6) | 28 (70.0) |
Positive O’Brien test, n (%)¶ | 37 (94.9) | 33 (86.8) | 36 (90.0) |
*Plus-minus values are means±SD.
†The body mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres.
‡Manual labour was reported if the patient was engaged in daily manual work.
§Physical activity was reported if the patient had no regular training, frequent if the patient was training two times or more in a week on a regular basis, and competitive if the patient was competing on a national level.
¶The O’Brien test is positive if the patient has pain when resisting force from an examiner, with the arm in 90° of flexion, 20°adduction and supinated, and less pain with the arm otherwise in the same position but with pronation.