Authors, year published | Times cited (Google)† | Times cited (Web of Science)‡ | Study design | Investigated sports | Level of play | Players (n), age, gender (F/M/B) | Recording system | Impacts/concussions | Parameters assessed | Concussion definition used | Diagnosed by | Notes |
Duma et al, 200548 | 250 | 144 | Prospective, observational | American football | College | 38, NR, M | HITS | 3312/1 | Linear/rotational acc, Δ head vel. GSI, HIC | NR | NR | |
Guskiewicz et al, 200720 | 248 | 145 | Prospective, observational | American football | College | 88, 20.2±1.8 years, M | HITS | 1 04 714/13 | Linear/rotational acc | Own definition | Team physician | |
Greenwald et al, 200849 | 245 | 158 | Prospective, observational | American football | NCAA division I schools/high schools | 449, NR, M | HITS | 289 916/17 | Linear/rotational acc, GSI, HIC | AAN | Medical staff (not specified) | |
Rowson et al, 201250 | 163 | 85 | Prospective, observational | American football | College | 335, NR, M | HITS (n=314); custom 6-DOF sensors (n=21) | 301 034/57 | Rotational acc | CISG | Medical staff (not specified) | |
Broglio et al, 201051 | 139 | 79 | Prospective, observational | American football | High school | 78, 16.7±0.8 years, M | HITS | 54 247/13 | Linear/rotational acc, | AAN | Certified AT, physician | |
Schnebel et al, 200752 | 136 | 79 | Prospective, observational | American football | College/high school | 56, NR, M | HITS | 54 154/6 | Linear acc | NR | NR | |
McIntosh et al, 200021 | 100 | 72 | Retrospective | Rugby, Australian rules football | Professionals | 100, NR, M | Video | 100/100 | Head impact dynamics | NR | ||
Brolinson et al, 200653 | 92 | NA | Prospective, observational | American football | College | 52, NR, M | HITS | 11 604/3 | Linear acc | NR | Medical staff (not specified) | |
McAllister et al, 201254 | 76 | 45 | Prospective, observational | American football, ice hockey | College/high school | 10, NR, M | HITS | 10/10 | Linear/rotational acc | Own definition | Certified AT, physician | |
Funk et al, 201255 | 72 | 37 | Prospective, observational | American football | College | 98, NR, M | HITS | 37 128/4 | Linear acc, HIC | NR | AT, physician | |
Duhaime et al, 201256 | 59 | 35 | Prospective, observational | American football, ice hockey | College | 450, NR, B | HITS | 486 594/48§ | Linear/rotational acc | NR | Certified AT, physician | |
Broglio et al, 201143 | 45 | 27 | Prospective, observational | American football | High school | 95, NR, M | HITS | 102 218/20 | Linear/rotational acc, HITsp | AAN | Certified AT, physician | |
Beckwith et al, 201340 | 39 | 24 | Prospective, observational | American football | College/high school | 1208, NR, M | HITS | 161 732/105 | Linear/rotational acc, Δ head vel. GSI, HIC | NR | AT, physician | This dataset has previously been reported by Beckwith et al 2013.42 To avoid duplicity, this study has been removed from the analysis. |
Duma and Rowson, 200957 | 26 | 5 | Prospective, observational | American football | College | NR, NR, M | HITS | 71 300/6 | Linear acc | NR | Team physician | |
King et al, 201558 | 23 | 8 | Prospective, observational | Rugby | Amateur | 38, 22±4 years, M | Instrumented mouthguard (custom-built 6-DOF sensor) | 20 689/2 | Linear/rotational acc | NR | Medical staff (not specified) | |
McIntosh et al, 201441 | 19 | 4 | Prospective, observational | Rugby and Australian rules football | Professionals | 40, NR, M | Rigid body simulations, data from video | 40/27 | Linear/rotational acc | NR | NR | The 27 cases with concussion were taken from a larger sample previously published.21 Preliminary analyses of the 27 cases were provided by Frechede and McIntosh 2009 24 and Patton et al 2013.22 |
Hernandez et al, 201559 | 17 | 4 | Prospective, observational | American football, boxing, MMA | College/professional | 33, NR, B | Custom 6-DOF acc device | 513/2 | 18 different parameters | NR | NR | |
Wilcox et al, 201560 | 7 | 4 | Prospective, observational | Ice hockey | College | 58, NR, F | HITS | NR/9 | Linear/rotational acc, HITsp | Own definition | Certified AT, physician | |
Beckwith et al, 200961 | 6 | NA | Prospective, observational | American football | College/high school | 52, 18.9±2.3 years, M | HITS | 71 390/52 | Linear/rotational GSI, HIC15 | AAN | Medical staff (not specified) | While this study included 901 players, this manuscript only reports on the 52 players with concussion. |
AAN, American Academy of Neurology; acc, acceleration; AT, athletic trainer; B, both gender; CISG, Concussion in Sports Group; DOF, degrees-of-freedom; F, females; GSI, Gadd Severity Index; HIC, Head Injury Criterion; HITS, Head Impact Telemetry System; HITsp, Head Impact Technology severity profile; M, males; MMA, mixed martial arts; NA, not available; NCAA, National Collegiate Athletic Association; NR, not reported.
*Studies are presented according to the number of citations in Google Scholar (in descending order).
†Accessed on 19 October 2016 (google.scholar.com).
‡Service provided by Web of Science, Thomson Reuters. Accessed on 19 October 2016.
§Detailed numbers on the 48 concussions recorded: American football (n=40), women’s ice hockey (n=7) and men’s ice hockey (n=1).