Signs and symptoms according to PCSS/SCAT3 | Possible aetiology | ||
Brain (concussion) | Labyrinth (vestibular) | Neck (cervical) | |
Difficulty concentrating | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Difficulty remembering | ✓ | ✓ | x |
Feeling slowed | ✓ | ✓ | x |
Confusion | ✓ | ✓ | x |
‘Don't feel right’ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Fatigue or low energy | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Trouble falling asleep | ✓ | ✓ | x |
Drowsiness | ✓ | ✓ | x |
Feeling like ‘in a fog’ | ✓ | ✓ | x |
Balance problems | ✓ | ✓ | x |
Dizziness | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Irritability | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
More emotional | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Nervous | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Sadness | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
‘Pressure in Head’ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Headache | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Neck pain | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Sensitivity to light | ✓ | ✓ | x |
Sensitivity to noise | ✓ | ✓ | x |
Nausea or vomiting | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Blurred vision | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
PCSS, Post-Concussion Symptom Scale; SCAT3, Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3rd edition.