Moser et al (2012)36
| Case series | Rest | Sports concussion clinic (USA) | 13 | 6M:7F | 15.8 (2.7) | Ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, basketball, football | Nil | >31 days |
Moser et al (2015)33
| Case series | Rest | Sports concussion centre (USA) | 13 | 7M:6F | 15.1 (1.5) | Basketball, football, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer snowboarding | Nil | Information not supplied |
Gagnon et al (2009)16
| Case series | Subsymptom threshold activity | Paediatric hospital based concussion clinic (Canada) | 16 | 11M:5F | 14.3 (2.3) | Rugby, football, soccer, hockey, other (also includes two non-SRC) | Nil | >4 weeks |
Gagnon et al (2016)17
| Case series | Subsymptom threshold activity | Paediatric hospital based concussion clinic (Canada) | 10 | 7M:3F | 16.3 (1.3) | Football, soccer, basketball, hockey, snowboarding | Nil | >3 weeks |
Leddy et al (2010)23
| Case series | Subsymptom threshold activity | University-based concussion clinic (USA) | 12 | 7M:5F | 27.9 (14.3) | Mixed (SRC and non-SRC), no details on sport | Nil | >6 weeks (and <52 weeks) |
Leddy et al (2013)24
| Quasi experimental | Subsymptom threshold activity | University-based concussion clinic (USA) | 8 | 4M:4F | Exercise group: 25.8 (6.1); stretching group: 23.2 (6.2) | Mixed (SRC and non-SRC), no details on sport | 4 | >6 weeks (and <52 weeks) |
Kurowski et al (2016)21
| RCT | Subsymptom threshold activity | Community-based head injury clinics and emergency departments (USA) | 30 | 13M:17F | Exercise group 15.2 (1.4); stretching group 15.5 (1.8) | Mixed (SRC and non-SRC), no details on sport | 15 | >4 weeks |
Hugentobler et al (2015)34
| Case series | Physical therapy Paediatric hospitalbased | physical therapy clinic (USA) | 6 | 4M:2F | 17.0 (1.7) | Ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, dance | Nil | 19–192 days |
Schneider et al (2014)11
| RCT | Physical therapy | University-based sports medicine centre (Canada) | 31 | 18M:13F | Treatment group (n=15): age range 12–27 years | No details on sport | 16 | >10 days |
McCarty et al (2016)20
| RCT | Collaborative care including CBT | Paediatric hospitalbased concussion clinic | 49 | 17M:32F | Treatment group (n=25): 15.1 (1.6) years | Mixed (SRC and non-SRC), no details on sport | 24 | >1 month |
Sohlberg and Ledbetter (2015)25
| Case series | Speech pathology | University-based speech-language clinic (USA) | 24 | 10M:14F | 17.5 (3.2) | Basketball, cheerleading, cycling, dancing, football, long board, pole vaulting, softball, soccer | Nil | >2 months |
Reddy et al (2013)18
| Historical cohort | Amantadine | University-based sports medicine concussion programme (USA) | 25 | 11M:14F | 15.7 (1.4) | No details on sport | 25 | >21 days |
Dubrovsky et al (2014)35
| Case series | Nerve blocks for persistent headache | Paediatric hospitalbased concussion clinic (Canada) | 28 | 6M:22F | 14.6 (1.7) | Mixed (SRC and non-SRC), no details on sport | Nil | Average time from injury to treatment=70 (±54.2) days |
Bramley et al (2015)19
| Case series | Amitriptyline for persistent headache | University hospitalbased concussion clinic (USA) | 400 | 248M:152F | 13–18 years | Mixed (SRC and non-SRC), no details on sport | Nil | >1 month |