Low back pain in the past 1–12 months | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Overall | 12 | 9901 | 0.95 | 0.87 to 1.04 | | 13 | 9906 | 0.96 | 0.80 to 1.15 | | 20 | 38 389 | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.02 | |
Adjustment for publication bias | 12 | | 0.95 | 0.87 to 1.04 | | 13 | | 0.96 | 0.80 to 1.15 | | 20 | | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.02 | |
Low back pain status at baseline | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Without | 10 | 8883 | 0.97 | 0.86 to 1.09 | | 11 | 8888 | 1.05 | 0.89 to 1.24 | | 14 | 16 740 | 1.03 | 0.95 to 1.12 | |
With or without | 2 | 1018 | 0.93 | 0.78 to 1.10 | 0.46 | 2 | 1018 | 0.68 | 0.45 to 1.02 | 0.069 | 6 | 21 649 | 0.95 | 0.91 to 1.00 | 0.12 |
Age | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adolescent | 2 | 1377 | 1.01 | 0.84 to 1.21 | | 3 | 1642 | 0.76 | 0.33 to 1.73 | | 2 | 1377 | 1.06 | 0.68 to 1.67 | |
Adult | 9 | 6191 | 0.97 | 0.86 to 1.09 | | 9 | 6191 | 0.98 | 0.84 to 1.14 | | 17 | 34 809 | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.02 | |
Elderly (70+) | 1 | 2333 | 0.83 | 0.67 to 1.03 | 0.23 | 1 | 2073 | 1.03 | 0.84 to 1.25 | 0.47 | 1 | 2203 | 0.93 | 0.73 to 1.19 | 0.52 |
Confounding | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Unadjusted | 4 | 1352 | 0.99 | 0.83 to 1.18 | | 4 | 1352 | 0.72 | 0.51 to 1.00 | | 4 | 5735 | 0.96 | 0.82 to 1.12 | |
Adjusted | 8 | 8549 | 0.94 | 0.84 to 1.05 | 0.65 | 9 | 8554 | 1.06 | 0.89 to 1.25 | 0.069 | 16 | 32 654 | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.03 | 0.73 |
Selection bias | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Low | 4 | 2903 | 0.94 | 0.81 to 1.09 | | 4 | 2903 | 0.91 | 0.59 to 1.42 | | 4 | 2903 | 0.95 | 0.76 to 1.12 | |
Moderate | 5 | 6385 | 0.91 | 0.81 to 1.02 | | 6 | 6390 | 0.95 | 0.79 to 1.16 | | 9 | 23 261 | 0.96 | 0.93 to 0.98 | |
High | 3 | 613 | 1.37 | 1.01 to 1.85 | 0.20 | 3 | 613 | 1.24 | 0.85 to 1.82 | 0.49 | 7 | 12 225 | 1.02 | 0.96 to 1.07 | 0.02 |
Performance bias | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Low | 6 | 2758 | 0.99 | 0.87 to 1.12 | | 7 | 3023 | 0.86 | 0.60 to 1.22 | | 6 | 2758 | 0.97 | 0.81 to 1.17 | |
Moderate | 6 | 7143 | 0.92 | 0.80 to 1.07 | | 6 | 6883 | 1.04 | 0.87 to 1.25 | | 13 | 30 725 | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.03 | |
High | 0 | | | | 0.40 | 0 | | | | 0.32 | 1 | 4906 | 0.97 | 0.82 to 1.14 | 0.83 |
Attrition bias | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Low | 6 | 4755 | 0.99 | 0.80 to 1.23 | | 6 | 4495 | 1.21 | 0.95 to 1.53 | | 7 | 5855 | 1.08 | 0.94 to 1.25 | |
Moderate | 6 | 5146 | 0.95 | 0.86 to 1.06 | | 6 | 5146 | 0.85 | 0.69 to 1.06 | | 7 | 16 624 | 0.93 | 0.86 to 1.01 | |
High | 0 | | | | 0.95 | 1 | 265 | 0.44 | 0.18 to 1.00 | 0.02 | 6 | 15 910 | 0.99 | 0.93 to 1.04 | 0.42 |
Frequent or chronic low back pain | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Overall | 3 | 34 419 | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.94 | | 3 | 34 419 | 0.70 | 0.48 to 1.03 | | 9 | 50 915 | 0.84 | 0.77 to 0.92 | |
Adjustment for publication bias | 3 | | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.94 | | 5 | | 0.84 | 0.60 to 1.18 | | 12 | | 0.88 | 0.80 to 0.96 | |
Excluding the largest study (HUNT)51
| 2 | 2002 | 0.85 | 0.51 to 1.42 | | 2 | 2002 | 0.52 | 0.34 to 0.81 | | 8 | 18 498 | 0.83 | 0.74 to 0.94 | |
Low back pain status at baseline | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Without | 3 | 34 419 | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.94 | | 3 | 34 419 | 0.70 | 0.48 to 1.03 | | 6 | 45 773 | 0.84 | 0.77 to 0.91 | |
With or without | 0 | | | | | 0 | | | | | 3 | 5142 | 0.87 | 0.68 to 1.11 | 0.57 |
Age | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adolescent | 0 | | | | | 0 | | | | | 1 | 1106 | 0.75 | 0.57 to 1.00 | |
Adult | 2 | 33 032 | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.94 | | 2 | 33 032 | 0.84 | 0.75 to 0.93 | | 5 | 47 414 | 0.90 | 0.83 to 0.98 | |
Elderly (70+) | 1 | 1387 | 0.86 | 0.48 to 1.54 | 0.99 | 1 | 1387 | 0.53 | 0.34 to 0.84 | 0.30 | 3 | 2395 | 0.73 | 0.63 to 0.84 | 0.24 |
Confounding | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Unadjusted | 1 | 1387 | 0.86 | 0.48 to 1.54 | | 1 | 1387 | 0.53 | 0.34 to 0.84 | | 3 | 2395 | 0.73 | 0.63 to 0.84 | |
Adjusted | 2 | 33 032 | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.94 | 0.99 | 2 | 33 032 | 0.84 | 0.75 to 0.93 | 0.30 | 6 | 48 520 | 0.89 | 0.82 to 0.97 | 0.05 |
Selection bias | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Low or moderate | 2 | 33 804 | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.94 | | 2 | 33 804 | 0.71 | 0.45 to 1.09 | | 7 | 46 541 | 0.83 | 0.77 to 0.90 | |
High | 1 | 615 | 0.83 | 0.28 to 2.31 | 0.95 | 1 | 615 | 0.44 | 0.06 to 2.59 | 0.72 | 2 | 4374 | 1.07 | 0.88 to 1.30 | 0.08 |
Performance bias | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Low | 2 | 2002 | 0.85 | 0.51 to 1.42 | | 2 | 2002 | 0.53 | 0.34 to 0.82 | | 2 | 33 148 | 0.79 | 0.66 to 0.96 | |
Moderate | 1 | 32 417 | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.94 | 0.98 | 1 | 32 417 | 0.84 | 0.75 to 0.94 | 0.29 | 7 | 17 767 | 0.86 | 0.76 to 0.97 | 0.51 |
Attrition bias | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Low | 3 | 34 419 | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.94 | | 3 | 34 419 | 0.70 | 0.48 to 1.03 | | 5 | 41 943 | 0.83 | 0.74 to 0.92 | |
Moderate or high | 0 | | | | | 0 | | | | | 4 | 8972 | 0.87 | 0.74 to 1.03 | 0.49 |