Association between domains of health and a recent history of illness (all definitions) relating to each symptom category
| Domain | Questionnaire | Statistic | URT | Chest | Bodily aches | GIT | Head | Fatigue | ||||||
| Est. | 95% CI | Est. | 95% CI | Est. | 95% CI | Est. | 95% CI | Est. | 95% CI | Est. | 95% CI | |||
| Probiotics | Any usage (n=120) | OR | 1.9 | 0.8 to 4.5 | 1.1 | 0.2 to 5.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 to 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.8 to 4.5 | 1.8 | 0.7 to 4.6 | 3.6 | 1.5 to 8.5 |
| AFE | 0.5 | –0.2 to 0.8 | 0.06 | – 4.9 to 0.8 | 0.5 | –0.6 to 0.9 | 0.5 | – 0.2 to 0.8 | 0.5 | –0.4 to 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.3 to 0.9 | ||
| AFP | 0.17 | – | 0.02 | – | 0.1 | – | 0.2 | – | 0.17 | – | 0.33 | - | ||
| Travel in the last month | >2 occasions (n=120) | OR | 0.9 | 0.3 to 2.9 | 3.6 | 0.5 to 18 | 1.4 | 0.3 to 5.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 to 2.9 | 1.6 | 0.4 to 5.5 | 0.8 | 0.2 to 2.6 |
| AFE | 0.1 | –1.9 to 0.7 | 0.7 | –0.9 to 0.9 | 0.3 | –2.3 to 0.8 | 0.1 | –1.9 to 0.7 | 0.4 | –1.6 to 0.8 | 0.2 | −1.6 to 0.8 | ||
| AFP | 0.1 | – | 0.2 | – | 0.05 | – | 0.01 | – | 0.06 | – | 0.03 | – | ||
| Psychology | Depression (DASS-21 >4) (n=115) | OR | 0.7 | 0.2 to 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.01 to 4.3 | 0.9 | 0.2 to 3.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 to 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.4 to 4.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 to 3.0 |
| AFE | 0.3 | –1.2 to 0.8 | 0.5 | –3.3 to 1.0 | 0.1 | –2.2 to 0.8 | 0.3 | –1.2 to 0.8 | 0.2 | –1.7 to 0.8 | 0.03 | −2.0 to 0.7 | ||
| AFP | 0.05 | – | 0.08 | – | 0.02 | – | 0.05 | – | 0.05 | – | <0.01 | – | ||
| Anxiety (DASS-21 >3) (n=115) | OR | 0.9 | 0.3 to 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.1 to 6.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 to 2.7 | 0.9 | 0.3 to 2.7 | 2.5 | 0.8 to 7.3 | 1.7 | 0.6 to 4.9 | |
| AFE | 0.05 | –1.7 to 0.7 | 0.1 | –8.2 to 0.84 | 0.2 | –1.7 to 0.8 | 0.05 | –1.7 to 0.7 | 0.6 | –0.3 to 0.9 | 0.4 | −0.8 to 0.8 | ||
| AFP | 0.01 | – | 0.02 | – | 0.04 | – | 0.01 | – | 0.2 | – | 0.09 | – | ||
| Stress (DASS-21 >8) (n=115) | OR | 0.7 | 0.2 to 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.01 to 5.1 | 1.1 | 0.2 to 3.9 | 0.7 | 0.2 to 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.09 to 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 to 2.9 | |
| AFE | 0.3 | –1.2 to 0.8 | 0.4 | –4.1 to 1.0 | 0.06 | – 3.4 to 0.7 | 0.3 | –1.2 to 0.8 | 0.5 | –1.1 to 0.9 | 0.1 | −1.9 to 0.7 | ||
| AFP | 0.05 | – | 0.06 | – | 0.01 | – | 0.05 | – | 0.08 | – | 0.02 | – | ||
| Dispositional resilience (DRS <27) (n=120) | OR | 1.6 | 0.4 to 6.9 | 1.0 | 0.02 to 8.5 | 0.3 | 0.01 to 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.4 to 6.9 | 1.0 | 0.2 to 4.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 to 3.3 | |
| AFE | 0.4 | –1.4 to 0.9 | 0.0 | –47 to 0.8 | 0.7 | –1.3 to 1.0 | 0.4 | –1.4 to 0.9 | 0.0 | –5.2 to 0.8 | 0.2 | −2.3 to 0.8 | ||
| AFP | 0.05 | – | 0.0 | – | 0.08 | – | 0.05 | – | 0.0 | – | 0.02 | – | ||
| Perceived Stress Scale (10-item score >20) (n=125) | OR | 0.8 | 0.3 to 2.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 to 4.2 | 0.2 | <0.01 to 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 to 2.3 | 0.7 | 0.2 to 2.3 | 0.7 | 0.2 to 2.0 | |
| AFE | 0.2 | –1.3 to 0.7 | 0.5 | –3.2 to 1.0 | 0.8 | –0.1 to 1.0 | 0.2 | –1.3 to 0.7 | 0.3 | –1.3 to 0.8 | 0.3 | −1.0 to 0.8 | ||
| AFP | 0.03 | – | 0.08 | – | 0.2 | – | 0.03 | – | 0.06 | – | 0.06 | – | ||
| Sleep | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index30 (≥5) (n=102) | OR | 2.8 | 1.2 to 6.9 | 1.3 | 0.3 to 7.1 | 1.0 | 0.4 to 3.1 | 2.8 | 1.2 to 6.9 | 1.3 | 0.5 to 3.5 | 2.1 | 0.9 to 5.3 |
| AFE | 0.6 | 0.2 to 0.9 | 0.3 | −2.7 to 0.9 | 0.05 | −1.9 to 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 to 0.9 | 0.2 | −1.1 to 0.7 | 0.5 | −0.2 to 0.8 | ||
| AFP | 0.4 | – | 0.1 | – | 0.02 | – | 0.4 | – | 0.1 | – | 0.3 | – | ||
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale31 (>10) (n=105) | OR | 1.6 | 0.6 to 4.8 | 4.6 | 0.9 to 22 | 1.7 | 0.5 to 5.6 | 1.6 | 0.6 to 4.8 | 1.4 | 0.4 to 4.2 | 2.1 | 0.7 to 6.0 | |
| AFE | 0.4 | –0.7 to 0.8 | 0.8 | –0.08 to 1.0 | 0.4 | –1.2 to 0.8 | 0.4 | – 0.7 to 0.8 | 0.3 | –1.4 to 0.8 | 0.2 | −0.4 to 0.8 | ||
| AFP | 0.1 | – | 0.4 | – | 0.1 | – | 0.1 | – | 0.07 | – | 0.1 | – | ||
| Nutrition | Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (≥8)15 | OR | 3.8 | 1.3 to 12 | 1.7 | 0.3 to 10 | 5.8 | 1.6 to 24 | 3.8 | 1.3 to 12 | 4.4 | 1.4 to 14 | 1.3 | 0.4 to 3.5 |
| AFE | 0.7 | 0.2 to 0.9 | 0.4 | −2.4 to 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 to 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.3 to 0.9 | 0.2 | −1.2 to 0.7 | ||
| AFP | 0.4 | – | 0.2 | – | 0.6 | – | 0.4 | – | 0.5 | – | 0.09 | – | ||
Note: eye and other illness categories not reported due to the low prevalence.
OR and CI unable to be calculated due to zero responses under the exposure in the control group (zero cells could, note: CIs are derived from Cornfield in this case).
CIs excluding 1.0 are represented in bold to indicate statistical significance.
AFE, attributable fractions in the exposed; AFP, attributable fractions in the population; Any symptoms, reporting any symptoms across all illness categories; Chest, symptoms of chest infection; Est, point estimate; Fatigue, symptoms of fatigue; GIT, gastrointestinal symptoms; Head, symptoms relating to the head region; Injury, sustaining an injury; n, represents the responses to both the questionnaire of interest and the health background questionnaire; Statistic, statistical method; URT, upper respiratory tract infection symptoms.